Solid

Mechanics
ME 3231

Md. Mohiuddin
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
What is Solid Mechanics/ Mechanics of materials?

• Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied

mechanics that deals with the behavior of
solid bodies subjected to various types of
loading.

• It deals with the relationship between

externally applied force and their internal
effects on bodies.

• It also discusses the deformation of the body.

Why do you need to learn Solid Mechanics?

• Solid mechanics provides a foundation for

understanding forces and stresses in
mechanical systems.
• Knowledge of solid mechanics helps in
selecting appropriate materials.
• Stress analysis and failure prediction,
improving system reliability.
• Cost-effective Design
Stress and Strain

• Introduction
• Analysis of internal forces
• Normal stress
• Shearing Stress
• Bearing Stress
• Stresses in thin-walled pressure vessel
• Stress-Strain diagram
• Deformations
• Thermal Stresses
Torsion

• Introduction
• Torsion Formula
• Angle of twist
• Analysis of circular shaft
Beams

• Introduction
• Different types of loading and supports
• Shear force and bending moment diagrams
• Stresses in beams
• Flexure formula
• Economic sections
• Shearing stresses in beams
• Introduction to propped and restrained beam
Combined Stresses

• Introduction
• Combined axial and bending stresses
• Stress at a point
• Mohr’s Circle and its application to combined
loadings
Reference Books

1. Singer, F. L. & Paytel, A. Strength of Materials (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill

Education.
2. Gere, J. M., & Goodno, B. J. (2012). Mechanics of materials (7th ed.).
Cengage learning.
Types of Internal Forces

• Pxx = Axial Force

This component measures the pulling or
pushing action perpendicular to the resisting
section

• Pxy, Pxz = Shear Force

This is the component of force perpendicular
to the resisting area.
Types of Internal Forces

• Mxx = Torque
This component tends to twist the member.

• Mxy, Mxz = Bending Moment

This component tends to bend the member.
Types of Internal Forces

• Mxx = Torque
This component tends to twist the member.

• Mxy, Mxz = Bending Moment

This component tends to bend the member.
Stress

Stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided

by the resisting area.
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
 The equation is valid only if the stress is uniformly distributed
over the cross-section of the bar.

Simple stress can be classified as

• Normal Stress
• Shear Stress
• Bearing Stress
Normal Stress

• Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular

to the cross-sectional area of the material.
• When the force P stretches the bar, the stresses are tensile
stresses.
• if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be
compressed, we obtain compressive stresses.
• In sign convention, tensile stresses are expressed as positive
(+) and compressive stresses as negative (-).
Normal Strain

Strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied

force, to the original length.
𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿

• If the bar is in tension, the strain is called a tensile strain,

representing an elongation or stretching of the material.
Tensile strain is usually taken as positive (+).
• If the bar is in compression, the strain is a compressive
strain and the bar shortens. Compressive strain is usually
taken as negative (-).
Stress-Strain Diagram
Stress-Strain Diagram

• Proportional Limit: From the origin O to point A

called the proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line. This is where Hook’s
law, “Stress is proportional to strain”, came
from.

• Modulus of Elasticity, E: The constant of

proportionality is called the Modulus of
Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal
to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from
O to A. Then
Stress-Strain Diagram

• Yield Strength/Stress: Beginning at point B,

considerable elongation of the test specimen
occurs with no noticeable increase in the
tensile force (from B to C). This phenomenon
is known as the yielding of the material, and
point B is called the yield point. The
corresponding stress is known as the yield
stress.

• In the region from B to C, the material

becomes perfectly plastic, which means that it
deforms without an increase in the applied
load.
Stress-Strain Diagram

• Beyond point C to point D, the material begins

to strain harden. During strain hardening, the
material undergoes changes in its crystalline
structure, resulting in increased resistance of
the material to further deformation.

• Ultimate Strength/Stress: The maximum

ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the
ultimate strength or tensile strength (at point
D).

• Fracture/ Rupture Strength: It is the strength of

the material at rupture (at point E).
Stress-Strain Diagram

• Modulus of Resilience: It is the work done on a

unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to A. The
resilience of the material is its ability to absorb
energy without creating a permanent
distortion.

• Modulus of Toughness: It is the work done on

a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to E. The
toughness of a material is its ability to absorb
energy without causing it to break.
Stress-Strain Diagram

• Necking: Due to the lateral

contraction of the resisting area
during the starching of material,
there’s a drop in nominal stress
beyond point D.
• This phenomenon is referred as
necking.

• Nominal Stress: When the initial area of the

specimen is used in the calculation, the stress
is called nominal stress.
• True Stress: true stress, can be calculated by
using the actual area of the bar at the cross-
section where failure occurs.
Bearing Stress

• Bearing stress is the contact

pressure between two bodies.
• Under the action of the tensile
loads P, the bar and clevis will
press against the bolt in
bearing, and contact stresses,
called bearing stresses, will be
developed
Bearing Stress

• The bearing stresses exerted

by the clevis against the bolt
appear on the left-hand side of
the free-body diagram and are
labeled 1 and 3.
• The stresses from the bar
appear on the right-hand side
and are labeled 2.
• Bearing Stress can be
calculated using the following
formula:
𝑝𝑏
𝜎 𝑏=
𝐴𝑏
Bearing Area
Bearing Area

• The bearing area is defined as

the projected area of the curved
bearing surface.

Bearing Area
Shear Stress
Shear Stress

• Shear stress is developed if

the applied force is parallel to
the resisting area.
• This connection consists of a
flat bar A, a clevis C, and a
bolt B that passes through
holes in the bar and clevis.

𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
Double Shear

• There is a tendency to shear

the bolt along cross sections
mn and pq.
• In this particular example
there are two planes of shear
(mn and pq), and so the bolt
is said to be in double shear.

𝐴=( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚𝑛)+( 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑞)=2∗(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Single Shear

• There is a tendency to shear

the bolt along cross sections
mn.
• In this particular example
there is only one plane of
shear (mn and pq), and so the
bolt is said to be in single
shear.

𝐴= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚𝑛=𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Shear Strain

• The shear stresses have no tendency to elongate or shorten.

• The shear stresses produce a change in the shape of the
element.
• Because of this deformation, the angles between the side
faces change.
• The angle, γ, is a measure of the distortion, or change in
shape, of the element and is called the shear strain.

𝐴= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚𝑛=𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Hook’s Law in Shear

𝜏=𝐺 𝛾 • When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading

there is an increase in length of the bar in the
direction of the applied load, but there is also a
decrease in a lateral dimension perpendicular
𝜏= 𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 to the load.
𝐺=𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 • The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or strain)
to the longitudinal deformation (or strain) is
𝛾=𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 called the Poisson's ratio.

The moduli of elasticity in tension and shear are

related by the following equation: 𝜀′
𝜗=−
𝜀
𝐸
𝐺=
2(1+𝜗 )

𝜗= 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Ductile & Brittle Material

• Ductile Material: Metals such as structural

steel that undergo large permanent strains
before failure are classified as ductile.

• Brittle materials fail with only a little

elongation after the proportional limit
Self Study

 0.2% and 0.1% offset method

 Malleability
 Ductility
 Creep
Problem- Normal Stress

A Composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze section
and a steel section as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Determine the stress in each section.
Problem- Normal Stress

An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in the
figure below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P
that will not exceed stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100
MPa.
Assignment- Normal Stress

Problem No: 106, 107, 109

Problem- Shear Stress

117 .Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in figure below if P =
400
kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
Problem- Shear Stress

119 . Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in the
figure
below. The pin diameter is 20 mm.
Problem- Shear Stress

118 . A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to a 60-mm-diameter shaft

by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in the figure below. If a torque T = 2.2 kN·m is applied to the
shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa.
Assignment- Shear Stress

Problem No: 121

Problem- Bearing Stress

125. In the figure below assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each
110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for
shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest
average tensile stress in the plates.
Assignment- Bearing Stress

126. The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets.
Assignment- Bearing Stress

In the clevis shown in the figure below, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
The thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing
stress of 12 ksi and bearing stress of 20 ksi.
Thank you
 Solid
Mechanics
ME 3231

Md. Mohiuddin
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

 Pressure vessels are closed structures

containing liquids or gases under pressure.
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

 Pressure vessels are closed structures

containing liquids or gases under pressure.

If the cylinder as shown in the figure is subjected

to a uniform internal pressure, stresses develop
in two directions in the wall of the cylinder.

• Axial Stress: The stresses which act in the

direction of the geometric axis of the cylinder
are usually referred to as axial or longitudinal
stress
• Hoop Stress: The stresses acting in a direction
at the right angle to the geometric axis of the
cylinder as hoop, tangential or circumferential
stress.
Hoop Stress

T T

Proof that Hoop Stress:

Longitudinal Stress

Proof that Longitudinal Stress:

Assignment- Spherical Pressure Vessel

2
𝜋𝑑
𝑃=𝑝 ∗
4

Proof that Stress in the wall:

Problem

133.A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2 . a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stress in the steel. b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the
steel is limited to 120 MN/m2 . c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst,
sketch the type of fracture that would occur.
Problem

141. The tank shown in figure below is fabricated from 10 mm steel plate. Calculate the maximum
longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 1.2 MPa.
 Solid
Mechanics
ME 3231

Md. Mohiuddin
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Changes in Length in Axially Loaded Member

𝑃
𝜎= ……………………………….(i)
𝐴
𝛿
𝜀= ……………………………….(ii)
𝐿
𝜎 =𝐸 𝜀 ……………………………….(iii)
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii)
𝑃 𝛿
=𝐸∗
𝐴 𝐿
𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
Problem

211. A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in figure below.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed
an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the
bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.
Problem

214.The rigid bars AB and CD shown in figure below are supported by pins at A and C and the two
rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is
limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members.
Assignment

213. The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in figure below is horizontal before
the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.
Problem

239 . The rigid platform in figure below has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each
250.00 mm long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the
aluminum bar after the center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each steel bar, the area is
1200 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 mm 2 and E = 70 GPa.
Assignment

236 .A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in figure
below. Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2 ; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70
MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2 ; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress is 140
MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.
Problem

247 .The composite bar in figure below is stress-free before the axial loads P1 and P2 are
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P 1 = 150 kN and
P2 = 90 kN.
Problem

254. As shown in figure below, a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at O and attached to two
vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were initially stress-free, what maximum load P can be
applied without exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa in the bronze rod.
Assignment

Problem No. 241, 245

 Solid
Mechanics
ME 3231

Md. Mohiuddin
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Thermal Strains and Stresses

• Changes in temperature produce expansion or

contraction of structural materials
• When the block is heated, every element of the
material undergoes thermal strains in all directions, and
consequently the dimensions of the block increase
• For most structural materials,

Where, is the thermal expansion coefficient

• Assuming that the material is homogeneous and

isotropic and that the temperature increase ∆𝑇 is
uniform throughout the block. if one of the dimensions
is L, then the increase in dimension in that direction:
Thermal Strains and Stresses

• If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely,

no load or stress will be induced.
• If temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal
stress is created. The internal stress created is termed
as thermal stress.

• Here, deformation was supposed to appear due to

However, due to fixed support there will be no
elongation but stress associated with deformation will
appear

𝑃𝐿 𝜎 𝐿
𝛿= = ………………(i)
𝐴𝐸 𝐸
𝜎 =𝐸 𝛼 ∆ 𝑇
𝛿𝑇 =𝛼 𝐿 ∆ 𝑇 ………………(ii)
Thermal Strains and Stresses

• Here, deformation was supposed to appear due to

However, due to resistance to elongate beyond x
there will be stress associated with deformation will
appear

𝑃𝐿 𝜎 𝐿
𝛿𝑝 = = ………………(i)
𝐴𝐸 𝐸

𝛿𝑇 =𝛼 𝐿 ∆ 𝑇 ………………(ii)
Problem

A bronze bar 3 m long with

a cross sectional area of
320 mm2 is placed
between two rigid walls as
shown in figure below. At a
temperature of -20°C, the
gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the
temperature at which the
compressive stress in the
bar will be 35 MPa. Use α
= 18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C)
and E = 80 GPa.
Problem

A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in figure below. If W = 80 kN, compute the
temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55 MPa. Assume the
coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 μm/(m·°C) for steel and 18.9 μm / (m·°C) for bronze.
Problem

Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown in the Fig. if the
temperature increases by 100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is
suitably braced against buckling.
Problem

275 . A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown in figure below. If
the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will cause a tensile stress
of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in temperature.
Assignment

269 .As shown in the Fig., there is a gap between the aluminum bar and the rigid slab that is
supported by two copper bars. At 10°C, Δ = 0.18 mm. Neglecting the mass of the slab, calculate
the stress in each rod when the temperature in the assembly is increased to 95°C. For each
copper bar, A = 500 mm2, E = 120 GPa, and α = 16.8 µm/(m·°C). For the aluminum bar, A = 400
mm2, E = 70 GPa, and α = 23.1 µm/(m·°C).
Assignment

268. The rigid bar ABC in figure below is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical rods. Initially,
the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine the stress in the aluminum
rod if the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect the weight of bar ABC.
Bars with Continuously Varying Loads or Dimensions

• This bar has a continuously varying cross-sectional

area and a continuously varying axial force
• The load consists of two parts, a single force PB acting
at end B of the bar and distributed forces p(x) acting
along the axis
• The elongation of the differential element may be
obtained from the equation by substituting N(x) for P,
dx for L, and A(x) for A, as follows:
Bars with Continuously Varying Loads or Dimensions

Compute the total elongation caused by an axial load of 100 kN applied to a flat bar 20 mm
thick, tapering from a width of 120 mm to 40 mm in a length of 10m as shown in the figure.
Assume E = 200 GPAa