Saimar Pervez

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 Lecture 2

Water Supply Demand

Instructor
Dr. Saimar Pervez
Assistant Professor
 Importance of Water Supply Systems

• Basic requirement
• Comforts of living
• Variety of purposes
• Drinking
• Bathing
• Washing
• Laundering
• Gardening
• Different other use for recreational and other purposes
 Development of public water supply

• Pressure from the dwellers

• Migration of peoples from rural to urban areas
• Multipurpose requirements
• Congestion of population at single spot
• Civilization advancements
• Trend of high-rise buildings
 Need for protected water supply

From the public heath point of view, it is necessary that all water
supplies must be invariably free from all types of impurities whether
suspended or dissolved in water and no untoward risk should occur to
the health of the public as a result of any water contamination.
 Objectives of water supply systems

• To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers

• To supply water in adequate quantity
• To make water easily available to consumers so as to encourage
personal and household cleanliness
• To provide economical water supply system
• To supply water to the consumers at a good pressure
 Role of agencies

• To provide a better and economical system

• To look after and maintenance of different components
• To maintain the quantity and quality of water
• To execution of new water supply systems
• To manage the whole system properly
 Quantity of water

• Estimating requirements is of prime importance in the design of the

water supply system, is the framing of an estimate giving the total
quantity of water that will be required by the community after the
completion of the works. The estimate enables the determination of
sizes and capacities of all the constituents of the water supply system.
This is arrived at with the help of two factors:
• The probable population estimated at the end of the design period
• Rate of water supply per capita per day
 Design period
• This is the period into the future for which the estimate is to be
made. The period should neither be too long so that full financial
burden is not thrown on the present generation , nor should it be too
short so as to avoid the design becoming uneconomical. In practice, a
period varying from 20 to 30 years is considered sufficient for design
purpose.
 Per capita consumption

• For the purpose of estimating total requirement of water of a

community, it is usual to calculate the consumption or an average basis
and express it in liters per capita per day
 Factors affecting per capita consumption

• Climate
• Class of consumer
• Industries and commerce
• Quality of water
• Pressure in distribution
• Extent of metering system
• Sewage facilities
• System of supply
• Number of habitants
 Effect of population on rate of consumption

a= with maximum permissible variation of 20%

b= industrial plus commercial uses including air conditioning or 180 lpcd
which ever is greater
 Consumption for various uses

• Domestic use
• Industrial use

• Activity-1: List any other uses.

Per capita per day estimation of 135 lit.
Water supply requirements for public buildings other than
residences
 Fire demand
• It is the quantity of water required for fire-fighting purposes. As
compared to the total consumption, it is seldom more than 5 - 10 per
cent. Heavy demands for brief periods are usually the deciding factors
in fixing capacities for pumps, reservoirs and service-pipes of
distribution system.
• Fire demand is a function of population but with a minimum limit,
because greater the population, greater the number of buildings and
greater the risk of fire. By the minimum limit of fire demand is meant
the amount and rate of water supply required to extinguish the largest
possible fire that could be started in the community.
 Fire demand
• The estimate of fire demand can be made with the help of the following empirical
formulae
National Board of Fire Underwriters Formula:
Q = 4637 (P)0.5 [1 - 0.01(P)0.5]
Freeman Formula:
Q = 1136.5 (P/5 +10)
The above formula usually gives quite high results. The following empirical formula has
been found to give satisfactory results:

Kuchling’s Formula

Q = 3182(P)0.5
Q = Fire Demand in lpm.
P = Population in thousands
 Fire demand
Problem:
What will be the fire demand for a city having a
population of 4,00,000 by Kuchling’s formula?

Answer:
1. 32,159 liters/min
2. 49,991 liters/min
3. 63,640 liters/min
4. 56,111 liters/min
 Fluctuation in rate of consumption

So far we have considered per capita consumption which is only an

average amount of water per day over a period of a year that the
community on the basis of one person will require. In practice, it will
be found of little use as consumption varies depending upon the
season- or month, day and hour. These are variously termed as
seasonal or monthly, daily and hourly variations or fluctuations in the
rate of consumption.
 Fluctuation in rate of consumption

• Seasonal or monthly variations are prominent in tropical countries like

India. The rate of consumption reaches a maximum during the summer
season owing to greater use of water for street and lawn sprinkling etc.
It goes down during the succeeding months and becomes minimum
during winter season. The fluctuation in the rate of consumption may
be as much as 150 per cent of the average annual consumption
 Fluctuation in rate of consumption
Daily and hourly variations depend on various factors as general habits of the
consumers, character of district being served (whether residential, industrial. or
commercial) and climatic conditions. Thus higher consumptions on Sundays and
other holidays may be due to washing of clothes, bathing etc. Consumption on
Sundays may not begin to rise until 8 hours (8 A.M.) whereas it may be earlier say 6
hours (6 A.M) on other week days. The peak flow hours may be at 8 -10 hours (8
A.M.-I0 A.M.) and minimum flow 0­4 hours (12 A.M. - 4 A.M.). Certain industries
may be working in day and night shifts and consuming more water. It is, therefore,
essential to study the characteristics of the district before deciding upon the rate of
consumption. Taken on an average, the maximum daily consumption may be 250 per
cent of the average daily consumption and the maximum hourly consumption 200 per
cent or more of the average hourly consumption of the day.
Hourly rate of consumption
 Fluctuation in rate of consumption

The effect of these variations is pronounced in the design of water

works system. Monthly variations are of much use in the design of
large impounding or storage reservoirs, while daily and hourly
variations find applications in the design of pumps, service reservoirs,
mains etc. As for an instance water mains in the distribution system
are normally designed to discharge 250-300 per cent of the average
daily requirement of water.
 Prediction of population
The present population-may be obtained from recent census with
reasonable alterations. Future prediction is based on a knowledge of
city and its environments, trade and expansion, development of
surrounding country, raw materials and communications around and
such extraordinary possibilities as discoveries of mineral deposits, oil,
coal and power generations, railway stations etc. Helpful in
predictions will be the study of population trends of similar cities and
consultations with local officials.
 Prediction of population

• Annual rate of increase method

• Arithmetical progression method
• Geometrical progression method
• Incremental increase method
 Annual rate of increase method
In this method, the rate of increase per annum is first determined and
the population predicted there from.

Pn = P (1 + i)n

Pn = Population at the end of n years

P = Population at any time
i= annual rate of increases of population
Arithmetical progression method
Arithmetic
increase
method
Geometric
increase method
Geometric
increase
method
Incremental
increase
method
 Assignment #1(CLO1:C3: PLO2)
Relate the role of environmental engineering in your
discipline, also manipulates the major environmental issues
in Pakistan. Does Not Meet
Writing dimensions/ Meets Expectations Exceeds Expectations
Sr. No. Expectations
weights (4-7 points) (8-10 points)
(1-3 points)
Paragraphs are usually well-
Paragraphs are poorly organized; use of All paragraphs are well-organized; use
organized; use of sections is logical
1 Organization/ sequence sections is illogical and hinders of sections is logical and allows easy
and generally allows easy navigation
document navigation navigation through the document
of the document
Shows some thinking and reasoning Content indicates thinking and Content indicates original thinking and
2 Level of content but most ideas are underdeveloped and reasoning applied with original develops ideas with sufficient and firm
unoriginal. thought on a few ideas. evidence.
Main points lack detailed development. Main points are present with limited Main points are well developed with
3 Development Ideas are vague and with little evidence detail and development. Some quality and quantity support. Reveals
of critical thinking. critical thinking is present. high degree of critical thinking.

Fails to summarize the practical Adequately summarize the practical Provides thorough summary of practical
4 Practical implication
application of assigned topic application of assigned topic application of assigned topic

Formatting of the document is

Formatting of the document is
Document is formatted poorly and generally consistent and adequate,
5 Formatting professional and includes a professional
lacks a quality cover page and index and includes a good quality cover
cover page and index
page and index
Let’s Recall…

• What you learned?

• Any questions?