Water Supply Engineering

Hawassa University
Institute of Technology
Department of Water Supply & Environmental Engineering.

November, 2012
CHAPTER 1
Quantity of Water
 Outline
Introduction
Chapter 1. Quantity of Water
Chapter 2. Water Supply Sources
Chapter 3.1. Water collection
Chapter 3.2. Water Distribution
Chapter 4. Pumps for Lifting Water
Chapter 5. Construction of Water Sources
Chapter 6. Planning Water Supply System Design
Chapter 7. Hygiene and Sanitation
Chapter 8 Low Cost Sanitation Options
 Quantity of Water
 Water Demand: the quantity of water required for a
purpose.

 To design a water supply scheme, it is important first to

know the amount of water demanded by the user.

 Importance of demand data:

o To effectively manage existing scheme,
o To plan new works to meet future demand,
 Quantity of Water
Estimation of Water Demand:
 Accurate estimation of water demand is difficult.

 The problem of estimating water demand may be tackled by

a detail study of the population, per-capita demand and
design period of the scheme.

 Per capita demand --- the average daily water requirement of

a person.

Per capita demand = yearly water requirement of the

city /(365xDesign population)
 Quantity of Water
Factors affecting per Capita Demand:
 Size of the city,
 Climate conditions,
 Living standard of people,
 Industrial and commercial activities,
 Quality of water supplies
 Pressure in the distribution system,
 Development of sewage facilities
 System of supply,
 Cost of water,
 Policy of metering and method of charging.
 Quantity of Water
Types of urban water demand:
 Domestic Demand,
 Industrial Demand,
 Institutional and Commercial Demand,
 Demand for Public uses,
 Fire Demand,
 Demand for Losses, etc.

 Total 
  Consumer  Distributi on 
Total demand potential    
 demand   wastage   losses 
 
 Quantity of Water
Domestic Demand:
 Includes the water required in private buildings
for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling,
gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
 Domestic water consumption per person vary
according to the living conditions of the
consumers.
 According to IS: 1172-1993 = Min. 200
lit/day/person
 In most countries the domestic demand
accounts about 50 to 60% of the total demand.
 The total domestic water demand shall be equal
to the total design population multiplied by per
capita domestic consumption
 Quantity of Water
Industrial and Commercial Demand:
 This includes the quantity of water required to be supplied to
offices, factories, different industries, hotels, hospitals, etc.

 This quantity will vary considerably with number and type of

industries, and number and type of commercial
establishments.

 City with small industries = Average 50lit/person/day

 Industrial cities = Average 450lit/person/day
 Less commercialized cities = Ave. 20 lit/person/day
 Highly commercialized cities = upto 50lit /person/day
 Quantity of Water
Industrial and Commercial Demand:
 Major industries use their own supply not to degrade the
city's water supply and cost.

 In supply estimation, to include or exclude industrial demand

is a problem:
 If design includes, the industry later may say that it would
have its own, and
 If it is ignored, industrial development may be
discouraged.

 Hence, on average a margin of 20-25% of the total water

demand may be taken for design.
 Quantity of Water
Public Demand:
 This is the quantity of water required for public utility
purposes such as
– watering of municipal or public parks,
– gardening,
– washing and sprinkling on roads,
– use on public fountains,
– waste water conveyance, etc.

• Usually the demand may range from 2-5% of the total

demand (on the average 10lit/person/day).
 Quantity of Water
Fire Demand:
 The quantity of water required for extinguishing fire.

 This demand should be easily available and always kept

stored in storage reservoirs.

 Generally, in a moderate fire break out, three jet streams are

simultaneously thrown from each hydrant:
 One on the burning property
 One each on adjacent property on either side of the
burning property.

 Discharge from a fire hydrant are usually about 1100 lit/min.

 Quantity of Water
Example on fire demand:
In Addis Ababa (Population = 5 million), if six fires break out at
different places in a day and each fire stands for 3hours,

A) What is the total amount of water required to

distinguish the fires?

B) What is the amount of water required per person so as

to use as a basis for design of water supply scheme.

C) What do you say about the result obtained in (B)?

 Quantity of Water
Solution:
A) V = No. of fires x Discharge x Time of each fire
= 6 x (3x1100)x(3x60)
= 3,564,000 lit/day

B) Per capita demand = V/No. of population

= 3,564,000/5000000
< 1 lit/person/day

C) The rate of water requirement for fire fighting is large but the
total water consumption is less than 1lit/person/day.

Thus, the fire demand is thus generally ignored while

computing the total per capita water requirement of a city
 Quantity of Water
Losses and Wastes:
 These include:
 the water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or
damaged meters,
 stolen water due to unauthorized water connection and
others.
 These losses should be taken into account while estimating
the total requirements.
 Losses can be reduced by proper plumbing and careful
maintenance
 Even in the best managed water works, losses may go as high
as 15% of the total consumption.
 Quantity of Water
Example:
 Quantity of Water
Solution:
 Quantity of Water
Factors affecting losses and wastes:
 Loosen joints: due to bad plumbing. Usually joints are leaky.
 Pressure in the distribution system: Higher pressure in the
distribution system leads to higher leakage losses.
 System of supply: In intermittent system of supplies, the
leakage loss is reduced, as it does not occur for the whole
daylong.
 Metering: In metered supply, wastage is considerably
reduced because people become more careful in using water
as they pay for it.
 Illegal connections: People connect their personal pipes
illegally to the system.
 Quantity of Water
Time variation of water demand:
 Seasonal variation: such variation occurs due to larger use of
water in dry season, lesser use in rainy season.

 Daily variation: Day to day variations reflect household and

industrial activity.

 Hourly variation: Hourly consumption usually attains peak

value between about 7 A.M. to 11 A.M. and then again from
7 P.M. to 9 P.M.
 Quantity of Water
Time variation of water demand:
Quantity of Water
Quantity of Water
 Table 4.8 Maximum Daily
coefficient

Quantity of Water

Maximum daily demand adjustment factor

Total Average Daily Maximum Daily

Requirement (m3/d) Coefficient
200 2.00
3000 1.55
40000 1.45
300000 1.35
 Table 4.9 Peak Hour
Factors

Quantity of Water

Peak Hour adjustment factor

Town Population Peak Hour Factor

0-50,000 2
50,001-100,000 1.8
100,000 and above 1.6
 Table 4.6 Climatic
Grouping

Quantity of Water
Climate adjustment factor
Mean Annual Precipitation
Group Factor
(mm)
A 600 or less 1.1
B 601 – 900 1.0
C 901 or more 0.9
 Table 4.7 Socio-Economic Grouping

Quantity of Water

Socio-Economic adjustment factor

Group Description Factor

Towns enjoying high living standards and with very
A 1.10
high potential for development
Towns having a very high potential for
B 1.05
development but lower living standard at present
C Towns under normal Ethiopian conditions 1.00
D Advanced Rural Towns 0.90
 Quantity of Water
Demand Forecasting:
 Water resources planning and management is highly
dependent on projections of future water needs.
 Design of water supply scheme need to consider
functionality of the various components now and in the
future.
 Therefore, the future water demand is a function of:
 Population at the end of design period
 Development plan of the city

 Variations in the demand or draft should also be generally

assessed and known in order to design supply pipes, service
reservoirs, distribution pipes, etc.
 Quantity of Water
Design Period:
 Design period is the number of years from the date of
implementation to the estimated date when the maximum
conditions of the design will be reached.
 Design period is guided by:
 The length of useful life of the units and structures,
 Initial cost of components,
 Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansions,
 Amount and availability of additional investments likely to
be incurred for additional periods, and
 The rate of interest on the borrowings and the additional
money invested.
 Rate of population growth
 However, the design period should neither be too long nor
should it be too short.
 Quantity of Water
Population Forecasting:
 Population data is important for predicting the population of
the city at the end of design period.
 Methods of prediction:
1. Arithmetic increase method: Assumes a constant rate of
increase of a population. i.e. dP K
dt

Pn Po  nK
Where,
Pn =population after n decades;
Po = population at present;
n = no. of decades;
K = average rate of increase of population per
decade.
 Quantity of Water
2. Geometric increase (Uniform Percentage) method: constant
percentage of growth rate is assumed for equal periods of time,
i.e. n
 r 
Pn Po  1  
 100 
Where,
Pn =population after n decades;
Po = population at present;
n = no. of decades;
r = assumed growth rate in percent.
r can be computed from the past known population data as:

r = average [(increase in population/original population)x100 of

each decade]
 Quantity of Water
3. Curvilinear Method: involves the graphical projection of the
past population growth curve, continuing whatever trends the
historical data indicate.
4. Decreasing rate of increase (Declining Growth) method:
assumes of a changing/declining rate of increase rather than
a constant rate of increase.
Example: From the given data, calculate the population at the
end of the next three decades by a) arithmetic; b) geometric; c)
curvilinear; and d) declining growth methods.
1970 ---------- 80,000
1980 ---------- 120,000
1990 ---------- 170,000
2000 ---------- 230,000
 Quantity of Water
Solution:
a) Arithmetic

K = [(120000 -80000) + (170000-120000)

+(230000-170000)]/3 = 50,000
Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+1*50,000
= 280000
2020 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+2*50,000
= 330000
2030 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+3*50,000
= 380000
 Quantity of Water
b) Geometric growth method
r = [(120000-80000)/80000 + (170000-120000) /120000
+(230000-170000)/170000]*100/3
= (0.50+0.42+0.35)*100/3
= 42.33%
Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po (1+ r/100)n
= 230000(1+42.33/100)1
= 327359
2020 ------Pn = 230000(1+42.33/100)2
= 465930
2030 ------Pn = 230000(1+42.33/100)3
= 663158
 Quantity of Water
c) Curvilinear
700000

600000

500000
No. of Population

400000

300000

200000

100000

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
Years
 Quantity of Water
d) Declining growth method

Year Popn. Increase % increase Decrease

in %
Increase
1970 80000
40000 50%
1980 120000 8%

50000 42%
1990 170000
7%
60000 35%
2000 230000
Average for decade 7.5%
 Quantity of Water
Therefore, population at end of:

2010 ------ Pn = 230000 + {(35-7.5)/100}*230000

= 230000+(27.5/100)*230,000
= 293250

2020 ------ Pn = 293250 + {(27.5-7.5)/100}*293250

= 293250+(20/100)* 293250
= 351900

2030 ------ Pn = 351900 + {(20-7.5)/100}*351900

= 351900+(12.5/100)* 351900
= 395887
 Quantity of Water
Population Density:
 It is information regarding the physical distribution of the
population.

 It is important to know in order to estimate the flows and to

design the distribution network.

 Population density varies widely within a city, depending on

the land use.

 May be estimated from zoning master plan.

Assignment 1
 Assignment 2
1. Select a town/city which is best known to you and discuss
about factors that affect water use in the town,

2. Discuss on which method of population forecast is most

relevant to the town,

3. Prepare and submit a report of your findings[max10pages].

Submission Deadline: End of the course. After a month

Thank you!