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Chapter 9

1. A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of a sine or cosine function and alternates between positive and negative values periodically. Circuits driven by sinusoidal sources are called AC circuits. 2. Phasors are a mathematical representation of sinusoids that allows sinusoids with the same frequency to be compared regardless of their phase difference. Phasors use complex numbers to represent the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid on a two-dimensional plane. 3. Impedance and admittance are complex quantities that relate voltage and current in AC circuits, similar to resistance in DC circuits. Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current, while admittance is the inverse ratio of current

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45 views59 pages

Chapter 9

1. A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of a sine or cosine function and alternates between positive and negative values periodically. Circuits driven by sinusoidal sources are called AC circuits. 2. Phasors are a mathematical representation of sinusoids that allows sinusoids with the same frequency to be compared regardless of their phase difference. Phasors use complex numbers to represent the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid on a two-dimensional plane. 3. Impedance and admittance are complex quantities that relate voltage and current in AC circuits, similar to resistance in DC circuits. Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current, while admittance is the inverse ratio of current

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Lecture

Sinusoids and Phasors


Muhammad Saadi, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Central Punjab
Introduction … (1)

 A sinusoid is a signal that has a form of sine or cosine


 A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current
(ac). Such a current reverses at regular time intervals and has
alternately positive and negative values.
 Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are called
AC Circuits
Introduction … (2)

Period
Positive

Amplitude
alternation

Negative
alternation
Two cycles
Introduction … (3)

Peak value
Peak to
peak value
Why to study sinusoids ? … (1)

 First, nature itself is characteristically.


Why to study sinusoids ? … (2)

 Second, a sinusoidal signal is easy to generate and transmit.


 Third, through Fourier analysis, any practical periodic signal can be represented
by a sum of sinusoids. Sinusoids, therefore, play an important role in the analysis
of periodic signals.
 Lastly, a sinusoid is easy to handle mathematically.
Sinusoids … (1)

Consider the sinusoidal voltage Therefore


v(t )  Vm sin t v(t  T )  Vm sin  (t  T )
where 2
 Vm sin  (t  )
Vm  the amplitude of the sinusoid 
 Vm sin(t  2 )  Vm sin t  v(t )
  the angular frequency in radians/s
Hence
t  the argument of the sinusoid
v(t  T )  v(t )
As the sinusoid have period T, we observe
T  2
2
T

Sinusoids … (2)
Sinusoids … (3)
Example 1

Consider the sinusoidal voltage v(t )  170 cos(120 t  60o ) V

 What is the maximum amplitude in voltage?


 What is the frequency in radians per second?
 What is the frequency in Hertz?
 What is the phase angle in degrees?
 What is the phase angle in radians?
 What is the period in milliseconds?
Example 1 – Solution

v(t )  170 cos(120 t  60o ) V


Comparing it with
v(t )  Vm cos(t   o )
Maximum Voltage = 170 V
Frequency in radians per second =  =120 =377 rad/s
Frequency in Hertz =>2 f=120  60 Hz
Phase angle in degrees = -60o
-60
Phase angle in radians=  2  1.045 rad
180
1
Period in milliseconds = T=  16.66 ms
f
Plot of sinusoidal using Matlab

 >> t=0:0.01:1;
 >> A=4;
 >> f=1;
 >> w0=2*pi*f;
 >> phi=0;
 >> x=A*sin(w0*t+phi);
 >> plot (t,x)
 >> TITLE('freq 1 Hz')
Sinusoidal signal with different frequency
Sinusoidal signal with different phase
Phase Lead or Lag
Different Phase sinusoids

 Two sinusoids with the same frequency (but different phase):

v1 (t )  Vm1 cos(t  1 ), Vm1  0


v2 (t )  Vm 2 cos(t  2 ), Vm 2  0
1  2  0, v1 (t ), v2 (t ) : in phase
1  2  0, v1 (t ) leads v2 (t ) by 1  2
v2 (t ) lags v1 (t ) by 1   2
Easy to Guess?

This can be done by converting sinusoids into phasor form


Lead Lag?
Which one leads?
Example 9.1

 Find the amplitude, phase, period and frequency of the sinusoids

v(t )  12 cos(50t  10o )


Solution
Example 9.2
Solution … (1)
Solution … (2)
Phasors
Ways to Express Phasors
27 Conversion from Rectangular to Polar
Mathematical Operations on Complex
Numbers
Euler’s Identity
Summary – Phasor … (1)
Summary – Phasor … (2)
32 Example 9.3 … (1)
33 Example 9.3 … (2)
34 Example 9.3 … (3)
35 Example 9.3 … (4)
36 Example 9.4
37 Example 9.5 … (1)
38 Example 9.5 … (2)
39 Example 9.7 … (1)
40 Example 9.7 … (2)
41 Current Voltage Relationship
42 Example 9.8
43 Impedance & Admittance … (1)
44 Impedance & Admittance … (2)
45 Impedance & Admittance … (3)
46 Impedance & Admittance … (4)
47

Sinusoids and Phasors


48 Solution
49
50 Impedance Combination … (1)
51 Impedance Combination … (2)
52 Impedance Combination … (3)
53 Impedance Combination … (4)
54 Delta Wye Conversion … (1)
55 Delta Wye Conversion … (2)
56 Example 9.10 … (1)
57 Example 9.10 … (2)
58 Example 9.11 … (1)
59 Example 9.11 … (2)

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