Engineering

Department

Simple Stresses
in
machine Parts
 Loads Engineering
Department

Load It is defined as any external force acting upon a machine part. The
following four types of the load are important from the subject point of view:

1. Dead or steady load. A load is said to be a dead or steady load,

when it does not change in magnitude or direction.

2. Live or variable load. A load is said to be a live or variable load, when

it changes continually.

3. Suddenly applied or shock loads. A load is said to be a suddenly

applied or shock load, when it is suddenly applied or removed.

4. Impact load. A load is said to be an impact load, when it is applied

with some initial velocity.
 Stresses Engineering
Department
When some external system of forces or loads act on a body, the internal forces
(equal and opposite) are set up at various sections of the body, which resist the
external forces. This internal force per unit area at any section of the body is
known as unit stress or simply a stress. It is denoted by a Greek letter sigma (σ).
Mathematically,

Stress, σ = P/A where P = Force or load acting on a body, and

A = Cross-sectional area of the body.

In S.I. units, the stress is usually expressed in Pascal (Pa) such that
1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
In actual practice, we use bigger units of stress i.e. mega-pascal (MPa) and giga-
pascal (GPa), such that

1 MPa = 1 × 106 N/m2 = 1 N/mm2

and 1 GPa = 1 × 109 N/m2 = 1 kN/mm2

 Engineering
Strain Department

When a system of forces or loads act on a body, it undergoes some

deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as unit strain
or simply a strain. It is denoted by a Greek letter epsilon (ε).
Mathematically,

Strain, ε = δl / l or δl = ε.l

where δl = Change in length of the body, and

l = Original length of the body.
 Tensile Stress and Strain Engineering
Department

When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pulls P (also called tensile
load) as shown in Fig. (a), then the stress induced at any section of the body is known a
tensile stress as shown in Fig. (b). A little consideration will show that due to the tensi
load, there will be a decrease in cross-sectional area and an increase in length of the
body. The ratio of the increase in length to the original length is known as tensile strain

Let P = Axial tensile force acting on the body,

A = Cross-sectional area of the body,
l = Original length, and
δl = Increase in length.
∴ Tensile stress, σt = P/A
and tensile strain, ε t = δl / l
 Compressive Stress and Strain Engineering
Department

Let P = Axial compressive force acting on the body,

A = Cross-sectional area of the body,
l = Original length, and
δl = Decrease in length.
∴ Compressive stress, σc = P/A
and compressive strain, εc = δ l/ l
Note : In case of tension or compression, the area involved is at
right angles to the external force applied.
 Engineering
Department

Young's Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity

Hooke's law* states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress
is directly proportional to strain,

where E is a constant of proportionality known as Young's modulus or

modulus of elasticity. In S.I.
units, it is usually expressed in GPa i.e. GN/m2 or kN/mm2. It may be noted
that Hooke's law holds good for tension as well as compression.
 Engineering
Department

Values of E for the commonly used engineering materials

 Engineering
Department
Example
A coil chain of a crane required to carry a maximum load of 50 kN, is
shown in Fig.

Find the diameter of the link stock, if the permissible tensile stress in the link
material is not to exceed 75 MPa.
 Engineering
Department
Example
A cast iron link, as shown in Fig. , is required to transmit a steady tensile load
of 45 kN. Find the tensile stress induced in the link material at sections A-A and
B-B.
 Engineering
Department

Example ( For Student)

A hydraulic press exerts a total load of 3.5 MN. This load is carried by two steel
rods, supporting the upper head of the press. If the safe stress is 85 MPa and
E = 210 kN/mm2,

find : 1. diameter of the rods

2. extension in each rod in a length of 2.5 m.
Engineering
Department
 Engineering
Department

Example
A rectangular base plate is fixed at each of its four
corners by a 20 mm diameter bolt and nut as shown in
Fig. The plate rests on washers of 22 mm internal
diameter and 50 mm external diameter. Copper
washers which are placed between the nut and the
plate are of 22 mm internal diameter and 44 mm
external diameter.

If the base plate carries a load of 120 kN (including self-weight, which is equally
distributed on the four corners), calculate the stress on the lower washers before
the nuts are tightened.

What could be the stress in the upper and lower washers, when the nuts are
tightened so as to produce a tension of 5 kN on each bolt?
Engineering
Department
 Engineering
Department

Example
The piston rod of a steam engine is 50 mm in diameter and 600 mm long. The
diameter of the piston is 400 mm and the maximum steam pressure is 0.9 N/mm 2.
Find the compression of the piston rod if the Young's modulus for the material of
the piston rod is 210 kN/mm2.
Engineering
Department
 Engineering
Department

Shear Stress and Shear

strain
 Engineering
Department
Shear Stress and Strain
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces acting tangentially
across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off
the section, then the stress induced is called shear stress
Engineering
Department
 Engineering
Department
Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity

Values of C for the commonly used materials.

 Engineering
Department

Example
Calculate the force required to punch a circular blank of 60 mm diameter in a
plate of 5 mm thick. The ultimate shear stress of the plate is 350 N/mm 2.
 Engineering
Department

Example

A pull of 80 kN is transmitted from a bar X to the bar Y through a pin as shown

in Fig. If the maximum permissible tensile stress in the bars is 100 N/mm 2 and
the permissible shear stress in the pin is 80 N/mm2, find the diameter of bars
and of the pin.
Engineering
Department
Engineering
Department
 Engineering
Department
Bearing Stress
A localized compressive stress at the surface of contact between two
members of a machine part, that are relatively at rest is known as
bearing stress or crushing stress. The bearing stress is taken into
account in the design of riveted joints, cotter joints, knuckle joints, etc. Let us
consider a riveted joint subjected to a load P as shown in Fig. In such a case,
the bearing stress or crushing stress (stress at the surface of contact between
the rivet and a plate),
 Engineering
Department

It may be noted that the local compression which exists at the surface of
contact between two members of a machine part that are in relative motion,
is called bearing pressure (not the bearing stress). This term is
commonly used in the design of a journal supported in a bearing, pins for
levers, crank pins, clutch lining, etc. Let us consider a journal rotating in a
fixed bearing as shown in Fig. The journal exerts a bearing pressure on the
curved surfaces of the brasses immediately below it. The distribution of this
bearing pressure will not be uniform, but it will be in accordance with the
shape of the surfaces in contact and deformation characteristics of the two
materials. The distribution of bearing pressure will be similar to that as
shown in Fig. Since the actual bearing pressure is difficult to determine,
therefore the average bearing pressure is usually calculated by dividing the
load to the projected area of the curved surfaces in contact. Thus, the
average bearing pressure for a journal supported in a bearing is given by
Engineering
Department
 Engineering
Department
Example
Two plates 16 mm thick are joined by a double riveted lap joint as shown in
Fig. The rivets are 25 mm in diameter. Find the crushing stress induced
between the plates and the rivet, if the maximum tensile load on the joint is
48 kN.
 Engineering
Department

Example
A journal 25 mm in diameter supported in sliding bearings has a maximum
endreaction of 2500 N. Assuming an allowable bearing pressure of 5 N/mm2,
find the length of the sliding bearing.

Solution. Given : d = 25 mm ; P = 2500 N ; pb = 5 N/mm2

Let l = Length of the sliding bearing in mm.

We know that the projected area of the bearing,
A = l × d = l × 25 = 25 l mm2

∴ Bearing pressure ( pb),

5 = P/A = 2500/ 25 l = 100 / l 100 or l = 100 /5 = 20 mm Ans.