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FM-II Lec 4

This document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including partial differential equations, the heat equation, wave equation, del operator, divergence, curl, and Laplace operator. It provides definitions and examples of these terms. Divergence measures how a fluid tends to diverge from a point, while curl is associated with rotations in fluid flow. The Laplace operator is related to Laplace's equation.

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Husnain Ali
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30 views16 pages

FM-II Lec 4

This document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including partial differential equations, the heat equation, wave equation, del operator, divergence, curl, and Laplace operator. It provides definitions and examples of these terms. Divergence measures how a fluid tends to diverge from a point, while curl is associated with rotations in fluid flow. The Laplace operator is related to Laplace's equation.

Uploaded by

Husnain Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics - II

Dr. Talha Irfan Khan


IST Islamabad
Partial differential equation
A partial differential equation (or briefly a PDE) is a mathematical equation that
involves
• Two or more independent variables
• An unknown function (dependent on those variables)
• Partial derivatives of the unknown function with respect to the independent
variables.

Heat Equation

Wave Equation

11/14/2023 2
Del Operator
𝜕 ^ 𝜕 ^ 𝜕 ^
𝛻= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝑢𝑥= 𝑢 𝑥𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑥2

11/14/2023 3
Divergence
• If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on and ∂P/∂x,
∂Q/∂y, and ∂R/∂z exist, then the divergence of F is the
function of three variables defined by

• div F is a scalar field.


Divergence
• In terms of the gradient operator
 = (∂/∂x) i + (∂/∂y) j + (∂/∂z) k, the
divergence of F can be written symbolically as
the dot product of  and F:
Example
• If F(x, y, z) = xz i + xyz j + y2 k, find div F.

• Solution:
• By the definition of divergence we have

div F =   F

= z + xz
Divergence
• If F(x, y, z) is the velocity of a fluid (or gas), then
div F(x, y, z) represents the net rate of change (with respect to
time) of the mass of fluid (or gas) flowing from the point (x, y,
z) per unit volume.

• In other words, div F(x, y, z) measures the tendency of the fluid to


diverge from the point (x, y, z).

• If div F = 0, then F is said to be incompressible.

• Another differential operator occurs when we compute the


divergence of a gradient vector field f.
Divergence
• If f is a function of three variables, we have

• and this expression occurs so often that we


2
abbreviate it as  f. The operator
• 2 =   
• is called the Laplace operator because of its
relation to Laplace’s equation
Divergence
• We can also apply the Laplace operator 2 to a
vector field

• F=Pi+Qj+Rk

• in terms of its components:

• 2F = 2P i + 2Q j + 2R k


Curl
• If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on and
the partial derivatives of P, Q, and R all exist,
then the curl of F is the vector field on
defined by
Curl
• If we think of  as a vector with components
∂/∂x, ∂/∂y, and ∂/∂z, we can also consider the
formal cross product of  with the vector field
F as follows:
Curl

• So the easiest way to remember is by means


of the symbolic expression
Example 1
• If F(x, y, z) = xz i + xyz j – y2 k, find curl F.

• Solution:
• Using Equation , we have
cont’d
Example – Solution
Curl
• The reason for the name curl is that the curl vector is
associated with rotations.

• Another occurs when F represents the velocity field in fluid


flow. Particles near (x, y, z) in the fluid tend to rotate about
the axis that points in the direction of curl F(x, y, z), and the
length of this curl vector is a measure of how quickly the
particles move around the axis
Curl
• If curl F = 0 at a point P, then the fluid is free from
rotations at P and F is called irrotational at P.

• In other words, there is no whirlpool or eddy at P.

• If curl F ≠ 0, the paddle wheel rotates about its axis.

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