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Div and Curl 9-7

This document provides an overview of divergence and curl of vector functions. It defines divergence and curl, gives their physical interpretations, and provides examples of calculating them. Divergence measures how a vector field spreads out from a point, while curl measures rotation. Applications of divergence and curl are discussed for fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetics, and other fields. Worked examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

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Manu Kumar
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178 views13 pages

Div and Curl 9-7

This document provides an overview of divergence and curl of vector functions. It defines divergence and curl, gives their physical interpretations, and provides examples of calculating them. Divergence measures how a vector field spreads out from a point, while curl measures rotation. Applications of divergence and curl are discussed for fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetics, and other fields. Worked examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

Uploaded by

Manu Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Divergence and Curl of a Vector Function

This unit is based on Section 9.7 , Chapter 9. All assigned readings and exercises are from the textbook Objectives: Make certain that you can define, and use in context, the terms, concepts and formulas listed below: 1. find the divergence and curl of a vector field. 2. understand the physical interpretations of the Divergence and Curl. 3. solve practical problems using the curl and divergence. Reading: Read Section 9.7, pages 483-487. Exercises: Complete problems Prerequisites: Before starting this Section you should . . . 9 be familiar with the concept of partial differentiation 9 be familiar with vector dot and cross multiplications 9 be familiar with 3D coordinate system
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Differentiation of vector fields


Example of a vector field: Suppose fluid moves down a pipe, a river flows, or the air circulates in a certain pattern. The velocity can be different at different points and may be at different time. The velocity vector F gives the direction of flow and speed of flow at every point. Applications of Vector Fields: Mechanics Electric and Magnetic fields Fluids motions Heat transfer There are two kinds of differentiation of a vector field F(x,y,z): 1. divergence (div F = . F) and 2. curl (curl F = x F)

Examples of Vector Fields

The Divergence of a Vector Field


Consider the vector fields
Vector function with two variable : r F ( x , y ) = P ( x, y ) i + Q ( x, y ) j Vector function with three variable : r F ( x, y , z ) = P ( x, y , z ) i + Q ( x, y , z ) j + R( x, y, z )k

We define the divergence of F r P Q R Div F = + + x y z In terms of the differential operator , the divergence of F r r P Q R + + Div F = F = x y z A key point: F is a vector and the divergence of F is a scalar. r r 2 2 2 , Find .F + ( 2 x + 2 yz ) F = 4 xyi j + 3( z + y )k Example:

Divergence
Divergence is the outflow of flux from a small closed surface area (per unit volume) as volume shrinks to zero. Air leaving a punctured tire: Divergence is positive, as closed surface (tire) exhibits net outflow

The divergence measures sources and drains of flow:

F(@ P ) > 0 source F(@ P ) < 0 sink F(@ P ) = 0 no source or sink


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Physical Interpretation of the Divergence


Consider a vector field F that represents a fluid velocity: The divergence of F at a point in a fluid is a measure of the rate at which the fluid is flowing away from or towards that point. A positive divergence is indicating a flow away from the point. Physically divergence means that either the fluid is expanding or that fluid is being supplied by a source external to the field. The lines of flow diverge from a source and converge to a sink. If there is no gain or loss of fluid anywhere then div F = 0. Such a vector field is said to be solenoidal. The divergence also enters electrical engineering topics such as electric and magnetic fields: For a magnetic field: B = 0, that is there are no sources or sinks of magnetic field, a solenoidal filed. For an electric field: E = /, that is there are sources of electric field..

The Curl of a Vector Field


Consider the vector fields

r F ( x , y , z ) = P ( x , y , z ) i + Q ( x , y , z ) j + R( x, y , z )k
i r curl F = x P j y Q k z R

The curl of F is another vector field defined as:

In terms of the differential operator , the curl of F

r r R Q P R Q P Curl F = F = ( )i + ( ) j + ( )k y z z x x y

r r 2 2 2 , Find F + ( 2 x + 2 yz ) Example: F = 4 xyi j + 3( z + y )k 7

A key point: F is a vector and the curl of F is a vector.

Physical Interpretation of the Curl


Consider a vector field F that represents a fluid velocity: The curl of F at a point in a fluid is a measure of the rotation of the fluid. If there is no rotation of fluid anywhere then x F = 0. Such a vector field is said to be irrotational or conservative. For a 2D flow with F represents the fluid velocity, x F is perpendicular to the motion and represents the direction of axis of rotation. Related Course: ENGR361 The curl also enters electrical engineering topics such as electric and magnetic fields: A magnetic field (denoted by H) has the property x H = J. An electrostatic field (denoted by E) has the property x E = 0, an irrotational (conservative) field. Related Course: Elec 251/351

Further properties of the vector differential operator


1) div[grad f ( x, y , z )] = f = 2 f ; f f f = 2 + 2 + 2 x y z
2 2 2

2 is called the Laplacian operator

2 ) [ f ( r ) g ( r ) ] = g f + f g r r r 3) f ( r ) F ( r ) = f F + F f r r r 4 ) f ( r ) F ( r ) = f F + ( f ) F r r r r r r 5) F ( r ) G ( r ) = G ( F ) F ( G )

[ [ [

] ]

r r 6) div[curl F ( r )] = ( F ) = 0 7) curl[grad f ( r )] = (f ) = 0
Verification Examples:

f =x y z ;
2 2 3

r F =< x 2 y, xy 2 z, yz 2 >
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Vector Calculus and Heat Transfer


Consider a solid material with density , heat capacity c , the temperature distribution T(x,y,z,t) and heat flux vector q. conservation of heat energy

(cT ) + q = 0 t
In many cases the heat flux is given by Ficks law

q = kT
Which results in heat equation:

T = 2T , t
Related Course: MECH352
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Vector Calculus and Fluid Mechanics


Conservation of Mass: Let be the fluid density and v be the fluid velocity. Conservation of mass in a volume gives

Which can be written as

+ (v) = 0 t

+ v + v = 0 t
Related Course:
ENGR361
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Vector Calculus and Electromagnetics


Maxwell equations in free space Maxwell Equations describe the transmission of information ( internet data, TV/radio program, phone,) using wireless communication.

E = v / 0 , E = B / t B = 0, B = 0 J + 0E / t
Solutions of this equations are essential for the analysis, design and advancement of wireless devices and system, high-speed electronics, microwave imaging, remote sensing, etc. Related Courses: ELEC251, ELEC351, ELEC353, ELEC453, ELEC 456, ELEC 457

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Magneto-static Field Example


Magneto-static Field is an example of rotational field

B = J B = 0, outside the cable B 0, inside the cable

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