SUMMER INTERNSHIP RE

P O RT
ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
(Period of Internship: 01/07/2022 to 15/08/2022)

1. SANDEEP
CHAUBEY(20BEC066)
2. RAHUL PRAMANIK (20BEC049)
3. VICKY KUMAR (20BEC090)
4. DIPANSHU (20BEC020)

5.PUNEETYADAV(20BEC046)
6. SAJAN KUMAR(20BEC065)
Department of
Electronic & Communication Engineering

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra

Under the guidance of
DR. VIPAN KAKKAR
(DEPARTMENT OF ECE)

1| Page
03

04-05

06

07

08

09

10-11

12

13

14

2| Page
“You have to match the convenience of the gasoline car in order for people
to buy an electric car,” opines Tes la founder and CEO Elon Mus k, the
“Iron Man” of the tech world. With governments, the world over, doubling
down to lower the cost of electric vehicles and expeditetheir adoption
among the masses, a recent report by global financial services company UBS
predicts that one out of every six cars s old anywhere in the world
will be electric by 2025.

In India, the automobile industry is one of the key sectors driving economic
growth. More than 25 Million vehicles including passenger vehicles,
commercial vehicles, three wheelers and two-wheelers were produced in
FY17, reporting a jump of 5.41% from the previous fiscal.
However, it is also one of the biggest contributors of pollution, which
incidentally keeps the country’s capital shrouded in smog for several
months every winter. As India hurtles towards an apocalyptic future, the
Indian government is now racing to s witch to all-electric cars by 2030.
While the report by UBS might be an overly optimistic take on what the
future of electric vehicles will look like, one can not overlook themassive
strides the industry has made in the last decade or so.
In India, despite a myriad of challenges and obstacles, electric vehicles(EVs)
are steadily gaining traction, thanks in part to favourable government
initiatives and the entry of international players like Honda, Suzuki, Ford,
Toyota, Volvo and Hyundai. Having won the first global tender for supplying
10,000 electric cars to government-run Energy Efficiency Service
Limited (EESL), Tata Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra are the two
homegrown automotive giants that are currently leading the electric vehicle
revolution in the country.

3| Page
 Historically, mobility and fossil fuels have been inextricably linked with
electric vehicles being successful only in a few niche markets. However, over
the last decade, a collection of circumstances have conspired to create an
opening for electric mobility to enter the mass market. Those forces include:

1. Climaticchange
2. Advancesinrenewableenergy
3. Rapidurbanization
4. Datacaptureandanalysis
5. Batterychemistry
6. Energysecurity

As a result, developed economies such as EU, the USA and Japan as well as
developing economies such as China and India have all included EVs in
their policies to lower their carbon emissions while providing convenient
and cost-effective mobility.

In India, a particular set of circumstances which are conducive to a

sustainable mobility paradigm have created an opportunity for accelerated
adoption of EVs over ICE vehicles. These are:
1. A relative abundance of exploitable renewable energy resources.

2. High availability of skilled man power and technology in manufacturing

and IT software.

4| Page
 3. An infrastructure and consumer transition that affords opportunities to
apply technologies to leapfrog stages of development.

4. A universal culture that accepts and promote sharing of assets and

resources for the over all common good.

These circumstances position India to pursue an EV policy which

systematically ensures that India’s EV program keeps pace with the global
scale since large economies seem to take significant steps towards
electrification of vehicles. India’s growth prospects create potential for
developing leadership in EV in certain segments. In that sense, the policy
will encourage a path which starts with India-specific characteristics and
initiatives for its auto sector, building towards global relevance and
applications. The key objectives of the EV policy are:
1. Reduce primary oil consumption in transportation.

2. Facilitate customer adoption of electric and clean energy vehicles.

3. Encourage cutting edge technology in India through

adoption, adaptation, and research and development.

4. Improve transportation used by the common man for personal and

goods transportation.

5. Reduce pollution in cities.

6. Create EV manufacturing capacity that is of global scale and

competitiveness.

7. Facilitate employment growth in a sun-rise sector.

5| Page
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead
of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix
of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible
replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the
issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources,
etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long
time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade
amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-
based vehicles.

An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead

of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix
of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible
replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the
issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources,
etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long
time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade
amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-
based vehicles.

6| Page
The first practical electric cars were produced in the 1880s.Electric cars
were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until advances
in internal combustion engines, electric starters in particular, and mass
production of cheaper petrol (gasoline) and diesel vehicles led to a decline
in the use of electric drive vehicles. Advances in internal combustion engines
(ICE) in the first decade of the 20th century lessened the relative advantages
of the electric car. Their much quicker refueling times, and cheaper
production costs, made them more popular.
However, a decisive moment was the introduction in 1912 of the
electric starter motor that replaced other, often laborious, methods of
starting the ICE, such as hand-cranking In November 1881, Gustave
Trouvé presented an electric car at the Exposition
internationaled'Électricité de Paris.

7| Page
All-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal
combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the
electric motor and must be plugged in to a charging station or wall outlet to
charge. Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe
and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel
line, or fuel tank.

8| Page
Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary
battery provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.
Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external
power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this
motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that
perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the
charge port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It
monitors battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and
state of charge while charging the pack.
Power electronics c o ntro ller: This unit manages the flow of electrical
energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric
traction motor and the torque it produces.
Thermal s ys tem (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and
other components.
Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction
motor.
Trans mis s ion (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from
the electric traction motor to drive the wheels.

9| Page
Because electric cars are powered by electricity and not gasoline, it
drastically reduces the monthly spending of car owners. According to
Bloomberg, the consumption of fossil fuels by automobiles. Currently
s tands at 23 Mn barrels per day. However, with the increased
popularity of EVs, the global gasoline consumption in the passenger
vehicle segment will drop significantly within the next five years, as
per a report by the International Energy Agency.

Although the initial cost of electric cars is quite higher than that of
conventional vehicles, in the long-run, it is actually cheaper to own and
maintain EVs. Ergon Energy states that the electricity needed to charge an
EV is, on an average, around a third of the price of petrol per kilometer,
especially in developed countries.

Similarly, a battery electric vehicle (BEV) contains fewer components than

a conventional petrol/diesel car, making servicing and maintenance a lot
cheaper than petrol and diesel-powered vehicles.

Given that the number of air pollution-related deaths have been on the rise
lately, switching to electric cars, especially when it comes to public
transport, could potentially reduce carbon emissions, thus slowing down
climate change and global warming.

10| Page
In fact, electric cars are 100% emission free as they run on electrically
powered engines. Consequently, they do not emit any toxic gases or smoke
that could adversely affect the environment. In this count, all-electric
cars–particularly the ones powered by renewable energy–are much better
than hybrid cars.

However, in this regard, it should be noted that the source of electricity is

also of importance in case of EVs. If the electricity is produced through
environmentally-damaging means like coal power plants, which is often the
case in developing countries, the environmental benefits of electric cars
ultimately get negated.

Since they are devoid of internal combustion engines and, in general,

have less number of components, electric vehicles tend to be more
silent than conventional vehicles. This, in turn, helps in curbing noise
pollution, especially in crowded urban areas.

As an added advantage, electric motors, being lighter, offer a smoother

drive with higher acceleration over longer distances than cars running on
fossil fuels.

11| Page
Despite the massive technological advancements, EV charging
infrastructure remains inadequate in most parts of the world. Furthermore,
most electric cars have a range that falls between 150 to 175 km on a
single charge. This, inevitably, gives rise to range anxiety among car
owners.

In the absence of charging points, especially during low-distance drives,

there is the risk of being stranded, which albeit can be avoided through
battery swapping. However, for widespread adoption of EVs, governments
around the world need to be more proactive in building a robust and well-
connected charging infrastructure.

As mentioned above, the charging process of EVs can take anywhere from
30 minutes (in case of fast charging) up to 24 hours, depending on the
capacity of the battery and motors. Most, however, take around four to six
hours to be fully charged, which is several times longer than the time it takes
to refuel a petrol/diesel car.

The batteries currently used in electric vehicles have a lifespan of only

around three to10years, depending on the make and model. The lower
battery life often serves as a hindrance that affects the performance of
electric cars. The higher costs of batteries, which are caused by the
insufficient supply of raw materials, add to this problem.

12| Page
Almost on its own, Tesla has proven that electric vehicles can be desirable,
combining outstanding performance and high-tech interiors with usable
driving range. The Mo del X cross over has room for up to seven. It’s also
the most expensive Tesla, featuring the unique Falcon Wing doors. You
have your pick of two sedans: the larger, more expensive Model S is a hot-
rod: in our testing, we’ve measured zero-to-60-mph times as quick as 2.8
seconds, and a 2018 100D went 270 miles in our highway-range tes t.
The smaller, less pricey Model 3 Performance isn’t far behind, shooting to
60 mph in 3.5 seconds.
Although it’s still in the concept phase, the Tes la Roadster promises to
bring incredible performance to a sleek sports car. The company has also
revealed its wildly styled pickup truck, the Cyber truck

13| Page
From the first electric car developed in 1837 till the present times, we have
witnessed massive advancements, notably in terms of technology but also
in the people’s attitude towards the environmental impact of cars and
other mobility solutions.
While the electric vehicles market is currently a lucrative destination for
corporates and startups in India, there are still quite a few challenges that
need to be overcome to make EVs ready for mass adoption. Manufacturing
electric vehicles domestically, for instance, comes with the hurdle of high
costs.
Similarly, production of batteries is largely an expensive affair. To be able
to rise above these challenges, the Indian government will have to focus its
efforts on facilitating technological disruption. For faster adoption of EVs,
the government will also have to offer greater tax rebates and subsidies to
prospective car owners and manufacturers.
If successful, the shift to electric vehicles could potentially help India
save up to $300 Bn ( INR 20 Lakh Cr) in oil imports and nearly
1gigatonne of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030,Furthermore,EVs will be
a stepping stone towards designing an intelligent, futuristic transport
infrastructure in India that is capable of catering to the mobility needs of
the country’s huge population.

14| Page