Nav-1 Navigational Instruments with Compasses

KUP/s:

 Electronic systems of position fixing

and navigation

•A-II/1.F1.C1.KUP4 Ability to determine

the ship's position by use of electronic
navigational aids.

 Echo-sounders

•A-II/1.F1.C1.KUP5 Ability to operate

the equipment and apply the information
correctly.
CO1. Operate specific electronic
navigational equipment
(e.g. GPS) used in obtaining
and monitoring ship's position
and under-keel clearance
for safe navigation.

Assessment of Course Outcome 1:

Demonstrate proper setting up and
operation of GPS and echo sounder for
accurate position and UKC
determination
 LESSON 1
Different electronic navigational equipment found inside a navigational bridge, their
function, and contribution to Safety of Navigation
LEARNING OUTCOME:

Explain the navigational

equipment found inside a
navigational bridge in terms of:

1. Contribution to safety of
navigation

2.Rationale of their
Arrangement as per SOLAS
Provisions
 Navigational Bridge

The navigational bridge, often simply referred to as

the "bridge," is a crucial area on a ship or vessel
where navigation, maneuvering, and
communication are coordinated.
It serves as the command center for the vessel's
navigation and safety, allowing the crew to monitor
and control various systems while ensuring the safe
passage of the ship.
The navigational bridge is typically located on the
uppermost deck of the ship and offers an
unobstructed view of the surrounding water.
Navigational Equipment

 It refers to a set of specialized tools,

instruments, and systems used on
ships and vessels to aid in safe
navigation, accurate positioning,
collision avoidance, and efficient
passage planning.

 These instruments and systems

provide essential information to the
ship's crew and officers, helping
them make informed decisions while
navigating through various maritime
environments.
The arrangement of these equipment is guided by
SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) regulations,
particularly Regulation 19, which outlines the
carriage requirements for shipborne systems and
equipment.
The arrangement is designed to provide clear
visibility, accessibility, and functionality for the
navigation and control of the ship.
 SOLAS Provisions on Arrangement of
Navigational Equipment inside the
Bridge

 Regulation 19 Carriage
Requirements for Shipborne
System and Equipment

 MSC Circulars or Resolutions cited

in the footnote
1. Application and requirements

Subject to the provisions of regulation

1.4:

1.1 Ships constructed on or after 1

July 2002 shall be fitted with
navigational systems and equipment
which will fulfil the requirements
prescribed in paragraphs 2.1 to 2.9.
 Regulation 1.4:

Regulation 1.4 be fitted with the system required in paragraph 2.2.3, as

follows:

.1 passenger ships irrespective of size, not later than the first survey after 1
January 2016;

.2 cargo ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards, not later than the first
survey after 1 January 2016;

.3 cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards but less than 3,000 gross
tonnage, not later than the first survey after 1 January 2017; and

.4 cargo ships of 150 gross tonnage and upwards but less than 500 gross
tonnage, not later than the first survey after 1 January 2018.
1.2 Ships constructed before 1 July 2002 shall:

.1 subject to the provisions of paragraphs

1.2.2, 1.2.3 and 1.2.4, unless they comply fully
with this regulation, continue to be fitted with
equipment which fulfils the requirements
prescribed in regulations V/11, V/12 and V/20
of the International Convention for the Safety
of Life at Sea, 1974 in force prior to 1 July
2002;
Provisions of paragraphs 1.2.2, 1.2.3 and 1.2.4

•1.2.2 be fitted with the equipment or systems

required in paragraph 2.1.6 not later than the first
survey after 1 July 2002, at which time the radio
direction-finding apparatus referred to in V/12(p)
of the International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, 1974 in force prior to 1 July 2002 shall
no longer be required;

•1.2.3 be fitted with the system required in

paragraph 2.4 not later than the dates specified in
paragraphs 2.4.2 and 2.4.3; and
Provisions of paragraphs 1.2.2, 1.2.3 and 1.2.4

1.2.4 be fitted with the system required in paragraph 2.2.3, as follows:

.1 passenger ships irrespective of size, not later than the first survey after 1
January 2016;

.2 cargo ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards, not later than the first
survey* after 1 January 2016;

.3 cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards but less than 3,000 gross
tonnage, not later than the first survey after 1 January 2017; and

.4 cargo ships of 150 gross tonnage and upwards but less than 500 gross
tonnage, not later than the first survey after 1 January 2018.
 SOLAS is an international maritime treaty
aimed at ensuring the safety of merchant ships
and seafarers at sea. The regulations pertain to
various aspects of ship safety and equipment
requirements.

•Regulations V/11, V/12 and V/20

of the International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, 1974 in force prior to 1 July 2002

 The regulations V/11, V/12, and V/20, refer to

specific chapters and regulations within the
International Convention for the Safety of Life
at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, which were in force
prior to July 1, 2002.
 Regulation V/11 - Nautical Charts and
Nautical Publications :

•This regulation outlines the requirements

for ships to carry adequate and up-to-date
nautical charts and nautical publications,
including sailing directions and other
relevant documents.

•The intention is to ensure that ships have

access to accurate and current navigational
information to facilitate safe navigation and
prevent accidents due to outdated or
incorrect charts.
  Regulation V/12 - Records of
Navigational Activities and Daily
Reporting:

•Regulation V/12 mandates that certain

records related to the ship's navigational
activities, including the ship's position,
heading, speed, and weather conditions, be
maintained.

•These records are intended to assist in

accident investigation, reconstructing events
leading up to incidents, and promoting safe
navigation practices.
 Regulation V/20 - Carriage of
Radar Equipment:

•Regulation V/20 prescribes the

requirements for the carriage and use of
radar equipment on ships.

•The regulation sets out criteria for the

type of radar equipment, its installation,
operational procedures, and training of
personnel to ensure that ships are
adequately equipped for safe navigation,
collision avoidance, and efficient use of
radar technology.
 Different electronic navigational
equipment found inside a
navigational bridge, their function ,
contribution to Safety of
Navigation
and Rationale of their Arrangement
as per SOLAS Provisions
GPS & DGPS Global Positioning System and
Differential Global Positioning System
GPS and DGPS (Global Positioning System and Differential GPS):

• Function: GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides accurate

positioning information. DGPS enhances GPS accuracy by correcting GPS signals
using ground-based reference stations.

• Contribution to Safety: GPS and DGPS provide precise real-time positioning

information, enabling accurate navigation, course planning, and collision avoidance.

• Rationale for Arrangement: GPS and DGPS receivers are typically placed in a
location with a clear view of the sky to ensure optimal satellite signal reception.
 Automatic
AIS: Identification System
• Function: AIS is a tracking system that exchanges vessel information, including position, course,
speed, and other relevant data, with other ships and shore stations.

• Contribution to Safety: AIS enhances situational awareness by providing information about

nearby vessels, helping to prevent collisions and improve overall maritime traffic management.

• Rationale for Arrangement: AIS displays are often placed in a central location on the bridge for
easy access and monitoring of vessel traffic.
 Regulation 19 Carriage Requirements
for Shipborne System and Equipment

2.4 All ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards

engaged on international voyages and cargo ships
of 500 gross tonnage and upwards not engaged on
international voyages and passenger ships
irrespective of size shall be fitted with an automatic
identification system (AIS), as follows:

2.4.1 ships constructed on or after 1 July 2002;

2.4.2 ships engaged on international
voyages constructed before 1 July 2002:

2.4.2.1 in the case of passenger ships, not

later than 1 July 2003;

2.4.2.2 in the case of tankers, not later than

the first survey for safety equipment on or
after 1 July 2003;
2.4.2.3 in the case of ships, other than passenger
ships and tankers, of 50,000 gross tonnage and
upwards, not later than 1 July 2004;

2.4.2.4 in the case of ships, other than passenger

ships and tankers, of 300 gross tonnage and
upwards but less than 50,000 gross tonnage, not
later than the first safety equipment survey after
1 July 2004 or by 31 December 2004,
whichever occurs earlier; and
2.4.3 ships not engaged on international
voyages constructed before 1 July 2002, not
later than 1 July 2008;

2.4.4 the Administration may exempt ships

from the application of the requirements of
this paragraph when such ships will be taken
permanently out of service within two years
after the implementation date specified in
subparagraphs .2 and .3;
2.4.5 AIS shall:

2.4.5.1 provide automatically to appropriately equipped

shore stations, other ships and aircraft information,
including the ship's identity, type, position, course, speed,
navigational status and other safety-related information;

2.4.5.2 receive automatically such information from

similarly fitted ships;

2.4.5.3 monitor and track ships; and

2.4.5.4 exchange data with shore-based facilities;

2.4.6 the requirements of paragraph 2.4.5 shall not be
applied to cases where international agreements, rules
or standards provide for the protection of navigational
information; and

2.4.7 AIS shall be operated taking into account the

guidelines adopted by the Organization. Ships fitted
with AIS shall maintain AIS in operation at all times
except where international agreements, rules or
standards provide for the protection of navigational
information.
(MSC.1/Circ.1290)

***** Refer to Guidelines for the on-board operational use of shipborne

Automatic Identification Systems
(AIS) (resolution A.917(22), as amended by resolution A.956(23).

Resolution A.917(22) and its amendment by Resolution A.956(23) provide

guidelines for the on-board operational use of shipborne Automatic
Identification Systems (AIS).

AIS is a technology used in the maritime industry to enhance safety and

improve the situational awareness of vessels and shore stations. It enables ships
to automatically exchange information, including identification, position,
course, speed, and other relevant data, with nearby vessels and coastal
authorities.
These guidelines are established by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations
specialized agency responsible for maritime safety and
security.
They provide recommendations and standards for the
proper and effective use of AIS to prevent accidents,
collisions, and other incidents at sea. The guidelines help
ensure consistent and standardized practices for AIS
operations on board ships.
 Resolution A.917(22)
https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMORe
solutions/AssemblyDocuments/A.917(22).pdf
 Resolution
A.956(23)https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/
IndexofIMOResolutions/AssemblyDocuments/A.956(23).pdf
 ECDIS

(Electronic Chart
Display and Information
System)
•ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and
Information System):

• Function: ECDIS is an electronic

navigational system that displays electronic
charts and provides various navigation-
related information.
• Contribution to Safety: ECDIS assists in
route planning, navigation, and collision
avoidance by displaying up-to-date
electronic charts and relevant navigational
data.
• Rationale for Arrangement: ECDIS
screens are typically located within the line
of sight of the officer on watch, allowing
easy access to critical navigation
information.
 Regulation 19 Carriage Requirements for
Shipborne System and Equipment

•2.10 Ships engaged on international voyages shall be

fitted with an Electronic Chart Display and Information
System (ECDIS) as follows:

.1 passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards

constructed on or after 1 July 2012;

.2 tankers of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards

constructed on or after 1 July 2012;

.3 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 10,000 gross

tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July 2013;
.4 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 3,000
gross tonnage and upwards but less than
10,000 gross tonnage constructed on or after
1 July 2014;

.5 passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and

upwards constructed before 1 July 2012, not
later than the first survey on or after 1 July
2014;

.6 tankers of 3,000 gross tonnage and

upwards constructed before 1 July 2012, not
later than the first survey on or after 1 July
2015;
.7 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 50,000 gross tonnage
and upwards constructed before 1 July 2013, not later than
the first survey* on or after 1 July 2016;

.8 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 20,000 gross tonnage

and upwards but less than 50,000 gross tonnage
constructed before 1 July 2013, not later than the first
survey* on or after 1 July 2017; and

•.9 cargo ships, other than tankers, of 10,000 gross tonnage

and upwards but less than 20,000 gross tonnage
constructed before 1 July 2013, not later than the first
survey on or after 1 July 2018.
* Refer to the Unified Interpretation of the term "first
survey" referred to in SOLAS regulations

(MSC.1/Circ.1290)

** Refer to appendix 6, Back-up requirements of

Performance standards for electronic chart display
and information systems (ECDIS) (resolution
A.817(19), as amended). An appropriate folio of
paper nautical charts may be used as a back-up
arrangement for ECDIS. Other back-up
arrangements for ECDIS are acceptable.
 RADAR
(RAdio Detection And Ranging)
&
ARPA
(Automatic Radar Plotting Aid)

RADAR and ARPA are related navigational

technologies used on ships and vessels to
enhance safe navigation and collision
avoidance. While both Radar and ARPA serve
similar purposes, they have distinct functions
and capabilities.
 RADAR
(Radio Detection And Ranging)

•Function: RADAR is an electronic device

that emits radio waves and detects their
reflections off objects in the environment.
•It provides information about the range,
bearing, and relative motion of these objects.
On a ship's bridge, a RADAR display shows
the positions of nearby vessels, land masses,
and obstacles, aiding in navigation, collision
avoidance, and situational awareness.
 Contribution to Safety of Navigation:
RADAR plays a crucial role in enhancing the
safety of navigation by:

•Collision Avoidance: RADAR helps detect and

track other vessels in the vicinity, allowing the
officer on watch (OOW) to anticipate potential
collision risks and take appropriate evasive
actions.
•Navigation in Reduced Visibility:
RADAR is particularly valuable in low
visibility conditions such as fog,
darkness, or heavy rain, where visual
navigation is limited. It allows the OOW
to maintain situational awareness and
safely navigate.

•Target Tracking: RADAR assists in

monitoring the movements of nearby
vessels, enabling the crew to predict their
courses
 Rationale for Arrangement:
RADAR displays are strategically
placed on the bridge to ensure optimal
visibility, accessibility, and
functionality:

•Visibility: RADAR displays are

positioned to provide a clear and
unobstructed view to the OOW from the
conning position, allowing quick
assessment of the surrounding
environment.
•Accessibility: RADAR controls are
within easy reach of the OOW and
helmsman, allowing quick
adjustments to settings and tracking.

•Integration: RADAR displays are

often integrated with other
navigational equipment like ECDIS
and AIS for a comprehensive view of
the vessel's surroundings.
 ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid):

Function: ARPA is an advanced feature that

enhances the capabilities of RADAR by
automatically tracking the positions of other
vessels and predicting their future positions
based on their course and speed. It provides
real-time data about the movement of nearby
vessels.
Contribution to Safety of Navigation: ARPA contributes
significantly to the safety of navigation by:

•Collision Prediction: ARPA calculates Closest Point of

Approach (CPA) and Time to Closest Point of Approach
(TCPA) for tracked targets. This information helps the
OOW assess collision risks and make informed decisions
to avoid potential collisions.
•Real-Time Awareness: ARPA provides continuous
updates on the positions and movements of nearby
vessels, allowing the OOW to monitor potential collision
situations and take timely actions.
•Traffic Management: ARPA assists in managing vessel
traffic, especially in congested or high-traffic areas, by
providing a clear understanding of the movements of
multiple vessels.
•Rationale for Arrangement: The arrangement of
ARPA equipment is similar to RADAR, with additional
considerations for its advanced features:

•Integration: ARPA displays are often integrated with

RADAR displays and other navigational equipment for
a unified view of the ship's surroundings.

•User Interface: ARPA displays provide symbols

representing tracked vessels, CPA, and TCPA
information, making it easy for the OOW to interpret
potential collision scenarios.

•Alerts: ARPA systems include audible and visual

alarms to notify the OOW of potential collision risks,
enhancing situational awareness.
 Regulation 19 Carriage Requirements for
Shipborne System and Equipment

•2.3 All ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards and

passenger ships irrespective of size shall, in addition
to meeting the requirements of paragraph 2.2 be fitted
with:

•2.3.2 a 9 GHz radar, or other means, to determine

and display the range and bearing of radar
transponders and of other surface craft, obstructions,
buoys, shorelines and navigational marks to assist in
navigation and in collision avoidance;

•2.3.3 an electronic plotting aid, or other means, to

plot electronically the range and bearing of targets to
determine collision risk;
•2.7 All ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in
addition to meeting the requirements of paragraph 2.5,
have:

2.7.1 a 3 GHz radar or, where considered appropriate by the

Administration, a second 9 GHz radar, or other means, to
determine and display the range and bearing of other
surface craft, obstructions, buoys, shorelines and
navigational marks to assist in navigation and in collision
avoidance, which are functionally independent of those
referred to in paragraph 2.3.2; and

2.7.2 a second automatic tracking aid, or other means, to

plot automatically the range and bearing of other targets to
determine collision risk which are functionally independent
of those referred to in paragraph 2.5.5.
•2.8 All ships of 10,000 gross tonnage and
upwards shall, in addition to meeting the
requirements of paragraph 2.7 with the
exception of paragraph 2.7.2, have:

2.8.1 an automatic radar plotting aid, or other

means, to plot automatically the range and
bearing of at least 20 other targets, connected
to a device to indicate speed and distance
through the water, to determine collision
risks and simulate a trial manoeuvre;
The arrangement of both RADAR
and ARPA equipment on the
navigational bridge adheres to
SOLAS provisions, emphasizing
optimal visibility, accessibility,
and integration to enhance the
safety of navigation and collision
avoidance.
Course Recorder
 Course Recorder

Function: The course recorder records the

ship's track and navigational data, providing
a historical record of the vessel's voyage.

Contribution to Safety: The course recorder

serves as a backup record of the ship's
navigation, which can be valuable for post-
incident analysis and investigation.

Rationale for Arrangement: The course

recorder is typically located in a secure and
easily accessible location on the bridge.
 Echo
Sounder
• Function: An echo sounder measures
water depth beneath the ship, helping to
ensure safe passage in shallow waters.

• Contribution to Safety: The echo

sounder provides vital depth information,
preventing grounding or collision in areas
with underwater hazards.

• Rationale for Arrangement: The echo

sounder display is usually placed where it
can be easily observed by the officer on
watch.
•Regulation 19 Carriage Requirements for
Shipborne System and Equipment

•2.3 All ships of 300 gross tonnage and

upwards and passenger ships irrespective of
size shall, in addition to meeting the
requirements of paragraph 2.2, be fitted with:

•2.3.1 an echo-sounding device, or other

electronic means, to measure and display the
available depth of water;
 Gyro
Compass
Function: The gyro compass provides accurate heading
information, unaffected by magnetic influences.

Contribution to Safety: A gyro compass ensures precise

course-keeping and heading information, critical for safe
navigation and maneuvering.

Rationale for Arrangement: The gyro compass repeater

is often located at the helm for the helmsman's reference
and is also visible from the main navigation position.
2.5 All ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards
shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of
paragraph 2.3, with the exception of paragraphs
2.3.3 and 2.3.5, and the requirements of
paragraph 2.4, have:

.1 a gyro compass, or other means, to determine

and display their heading by shipborne non-
magnetic means, being clearly readable by the
helmsman at the main steering position. These
means shall also transmit heading information for
input to the equipment referred in paragraphs
2.3.2, 2.4 and 2.5.5;;
.2 a gyrocompass heading repeater,
or other means, to supply heading
information visually at the
emergency steering position if
provided;

.3 a gyrocompass bearing repeater,

or other means, to take bearings,
over an arc of the horizon of 360°,
using the gyrocompass or other
means referred to in subparagraph .1.
Function: The magnetic compass is a fundamental navigational
instrument used to determine the ship's heading relative to the
Earth's magnetic field. It consists of a magnetic needle
suspended in a liquid-filled housing, which aligns itself with the
Earth's magnetic north-south axis. The compass provides a
simple and reliable means of determining the ship's direction,
essential for maintaining course and ensuring accurate
navigation.