Methods Part 2:

Instrumentation
Data Gathering Procedure
Ethical Consideration
Statistical Treatment of Data

J A N PAT R I C K B I TO - O N
No Survey Form during the Proposal Defense
•Normally, the Practical Research 2 subject requires the group to include the Data Gathering
Instrument (Survey Form) when presenting in the Proposal Defense. However, due to time
constraints this semester, you will not be required to include your survey. You will create your
survey next school year, in your Research 3 class.
•With this, the part of the Methods section where you are supposed to describe you data gathering
instrument, the “Instrumentation” part, will not be written this semester as well.
•For part 2 of the Methods submission, you will submit the following:
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Ethical Consideration
• Statistical Treatment of Data
 Data Collection
•This is not a part of the Methods section. This part is just to inform you of the different ways you can gather
data, which you will mention in the “Data Gathering Procedure” part of Methods.
•Data Collection is the process of gathering information useful to your study. The data you collect should answer
the questions asked in your Statement of the Problem.
•Different forms of data collection:
1. Observation – a type of data collection where you simply observe certain variables and take note of any changes
2. Conducting an Interview – data collection useful when you want detailed information from a participant. Normally used
in qualitative studies where the questions you want to ask can not be answered in simple surveys, but through
conversation with the participant.
3. Questionnaire/Survey – most common form of data collection in quantitative studies. Will be discussed further in the
next slide
4. Secondary Data – this is when the data you use for your study has already been collected in a previous study, or existing
data stored somewhere. An example of this is when doing a study about academic performance between males and
females, the researcher simply requests the data from the school’s records and compare their grades. While this is
common in the research field, this form of data collection is not encouraged in class as you don’t get to experience the
whole research process.
 Questionnaire/Survey Data Collection
•Collecting data through Surveys is done through preparation of a Survey Form or Questionnaire containing
questions relevant to the research. The questions in the survey form need to answer the questions stated in the
Statement of the Problem.
•The survey can either be an:
• Unguided Survey – Where the researcher simply gives the survey form the participant, and they answer it on their own.
This is done when the participants can easily understand the questions and choices in the form and have no problem
completing it. Can be done using printed or online forms.
• Guided Survey – when the researcher assists the participant answering the survey. This is done when there is difficulty
answering the survey. Examples: when the participant can not understand the questions in the survey, when the
participant has a disability and physically can not answer, etc. Guided surveys are very common when doing studies on
poverty, as some participants are not the most educated in the English language. In some cases, the survey form needs to
be translated to the native tongue. Guided Surveys are difficult to do online, as both the researcher and the participant
need to be in a call of some sort (Zoom/Google Meet).
1. Data Gathering Procedure
•In this part of Methods, you describe ALL the steps you are planning to do when you start your data gathering
next semester. It starts with getting a list of the participants, all the way to recording the results and analyzing
them.
•In this part, you need to be as detailed as possible.
•For now, use the Future Tense since the actual data gathering will be done next school year.
•Write this part in paragraph form, not in bullet form.
•Examples in the next slides
Example of an Online Survey Data Gathering Procedure with
Liceo Students as participants

The researchers will request for a list of the participants from the Liceo Office using a letter of request
to be signed by the research teacher. The list will include the names of all Liceo Students and their sections. The
researchers will then identify the participants to be surveyed using Systematic Random Sampling and the
calculated sample size of 215. Next, the researchers will distribute the online survey form made using Google
Forms. The participants will then be asked to read and agree to a short form indicating willingness and awareness
to participate in the survey with full cooperation. The participants will answer the survey and their responses will
automatically be recorded through Google Sheets. Finally, the data gathered will be analyzed using the same
program, Google Sheets.
 Use third person – “the Use the Future Tense when writing Make sure to include how you got a list
of participants and if it was done in an
researchers” when referring to the this part as this is only your plan valid way. Simply getting the same list
group. Don’t say “we” or “us” for next school year. from other groups is unethical.

The researchers will request for a list of the participants from the
Liceo Office using a letter of request to be signed by the research teacher.
The list will include the names of all Liceo Students and their sections. The Include how you
researchers will then identify the participants to be surveyed using Systematic chose the
Random Sampling and the calculated sample size of 215. Next, the participants to be
surveyed
researchers will distribute the online survey form made using Google Forms.
The participants will then be asked to read and agree to a short form
indicating willingness and awareness to participate in the survey with full You can simply
cooperation. The participants will answer the survey and their responses will copy the last 3
sentences since all
automatically be recorded through Google Sheets. Finally, the data gathered groups will be
will be analyzed by the researchers using the same program, Google Sheets. doing this. (Note,
you won’t be
hiring a statistician
to do the analysis.
You will do this
yourselves.
2. Ethical Consideration
•Ethics must be practiced at all times during a research. This was discussed during your Research 1 Class.
•Applying Ethics to your research paper, there are some things you need to ensure:
• Participation is completely voluntary. You can not force any participant to answer the survey. Also, the participant can
withdraw from the study at anytime after he/she started the survey. This is normally done through a Free and Prior
Informed (FPI) consent form that is included at the top of the survey form. The template will be given to you next school
year.
• The purpose of the study/survey must be explained to the participants before the start answering the survey. Not letting
the participants know the purpose of the study is still unethical, even if they agree to participate.
• Confidentiality of the data must be kept. The data gathered will only be used for this research, and the results of the
survey will not be distributed by the researchers even after the study.
2. Ethical Consideration Example
Before interviewing the respondents, a Free and Prior Informed (FPI) consent sheet will be shown to
the respondents. The contents of the FPI and the purpose of the survey will be explained by the researchers and
make sure that the respondents understand what is written in the sheet. The researchers will also make sure that
the respondents know that they can withdraw anytime without giving reason and will assure of the
confidentiality of this study. The data gathered will not be used for any other purpose aside from this research
paper and will not be distributed even after the study is finished.
3. Statistical Treatment
• In this part, you describe the statistical tools you will use to analyze the data you will gather in the survey.
You only describe the statistical tools here, the actual analysis will happen later on after the survey is done.
• The purpose of the statistical tools is that they let you summarize the results of hundreds/thousands of data
points into a single table/figure that is easy to understand.
• Your statistical tools were actually already determined at the start of your research, when you were asked to
make a Quantitative – Descriptive Research
• Normally, you would already be done writing your survey form, so the statistical treatment would be easier
to make. However, since you won’t be making your survey until next school year, you might have to rewrite
this in the future.
3. Statistical Treatment
• Statistical Tools used in Descriptive Research:
• Frequency Distribution – this is the most common statistical tool used. Contains the number and the percentage of the population for
each variable
Example:
Sex Frequency %
Male 58 58%
Female 42 42%
Total 100 100%

• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode – While using Mean or Average is common, using Median and Mode is rarely
used in statistical analysis.
Example: Average/Mean Income of the participants is Php10,505
• Graphs/Charts – using graphs and charts to present data from your research is accepted. I would even encourage this as graphical
presentation of data is most of the time easier to understand. However, creating graphs and charts will not be taught in this class. If
someone in your group already knows how to create these, then you may use them.
3. Statistical Treatment Example Describe
The data analysis consisted of examining the gathered data stored in a Google Sheets descriptive
database for correctness and completeness. The statistical tool used in the study included statistics and the
frequency distribution for descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics were used to provide statistical tools you
comparisons between each variable. Descriptive statistics were specifically used to describe, will use
summarize, and present numeric and quantitative observations, referred to as data (Privitera,
2011).

The study used frequency distribution for objectives 1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, and 6, which consist
Mention what
of the farming profile, socio economic profile, living conditions, employment trends, and
objectives/
incidence of role reversal of the agrarian reform household. This tool was used in order to
summarize the data gathered and display the results in the form of tables in order to show the variables you used
frequency of the items analyzed. Frequency distributions were also used to rank the data in with each
tables from highest to lowest in terms of frequency. statistical tool