DIFFERENT TYPES OF CNC MACHINE

• As you know machines such as lathe, milling, drilling is done

manually and have more responsibility of humans to perform
and have a higher average of accuracy and precision in taking
the time. So to resolve this problem, the machine
manufactured CNC which is known as Computer
numerically controlled.
• Computer numerical control (CNC) machines are widely used
in the production industries. They have achieved great
popularity in these recent years.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CNC MACHINE

• CNC machine defined as a machining system that

is managed by a computer, they enable
manufacturers to automate many manufacturing
operations that would otherwise have to be done
manually.
• As a result, CNC-powered machines are used to
increase productivity, decrease waste, and even
eliminate the risk of human error. CNC machines
can produce a number of products by using
actuators, drives, and software programs.
 Types of CNC Machine
Following are the types of CNC machine
• Lathe CNC machine
• Milling CNC machine
• Drilling CNC machine
• Grinding CNC machine
• Laser cutting CNC machine
• Plasma cutting CNC machine
• Electric discharge CNC machine
• Router CNC machine
• CNC machine with automatic tool changes
• 3-D printer
• 5-axis CNC machine
• Pick and place machine
 1. CNC Lathe Machine
• Lathe CNC machines are defined by their capability to turn
materials during operation. They have less number of axes
than CNC milling machines, making them shorter and more
compact.
• CNC lathe machines consist of a lathe at the center that
manages and transfers material programmatically to the
computer. At the present time, it is widely used as a lathe due
to its fast and accurate function.
• Once the initial setup is done, a semi-skilled worker can
operate it easily. This type of lathe is also used for mass
production such as capstan and turret. But there is no
programmed fed system.
 2. CNC Milling Machine
• It is one of the most common types of CNC machine, that have
built-in tools for drilling and cutting. The materials are located
inside a milling CNC machine, after which the computer will
lead the tools to drill or cut them.
• Most of the CNC milling machines are available in 3 to 6-axis
configurations. This machine is used to produce
gears like spur gear and is also used to drill the work piece bore
and make slots by inserting part program into the system.
• A semi-skilled worker can operate it easily. It is also used for
mass production such as a capstan and turret. But there is no
programmed fed system. The parts made by this machine are
very precise in dimensional tolerance.
 3. CNC Drilling Machine
• The CNC drilling machine is typically applied for mass
production. Drilling machines, however, often have a
multi-function machining center that is occasionally
mingled and sometimes twisted. The greatest sink time
for CNC drilling is with tool changes, so for speed, the
variation of hole diameter must be reduced.
• The fastest machine size for drilling holes consists of
several spindles in the turret with drills of different
diameters pre-mounted for drilling. This type of CNC
machine can perform
reaming, counter boring, and tapping holes.
 4. CNC Grinding Machine
• It is a precision performance tool that uses a rotating
wheel to cut metal away from the metal. Typically,
CNC grinding machines are used for camshafts, ball
bearings, transmission shafts, and other working
pieces, which require an accurate and correct finish.
• Numerous pieces made using a CNC grinding machine
are cylindrical. A grinding machine also use to make
other types of work pieces. In CNC grinding machines
“CNC” holds for computerized numerical control.
 5. CNC Laser Cutting Machine
• The Laser-cutting CNC machines are designed
to cut through hard materials, although they
use a laser to perform this task instead of a
plasma torch.
Lasers offer a high degree of accuracy, but
they are not as effective as plasma torches.
• Laser-cutting CNC machines commonly use
one of these three types of lasers that is CO2,
neodymium (Nd), or yttrium-aluminum-garnet.
 6. CNC Plasma Cutting Machine
• This machine similar to milling CNC machines,
plasma-cutting CNC machines are also used to cut
materials. But, they differ from their milling
counterparts by doing this operation applying a
plasma torch.
• A plasma cutting machine is defined as it is a method
that cuts by electrically conductive materials using
an accelerated stream of hot plasma. These types of
CNC machine feature a high-powered torch that’s
capable to cut through rough materials like metal.
 7. CNC Electrical Discharge Machine
• These are also known as a spark CNC machine, is a
special type of CNC machine that uses electric sparks to
manage materials to the desired shape.
• Electrical discharge has a transient effect, meaning that
it can degrade the elements from which it is presented.
The electric discharge CNC machines take advantage of
this by designing controlled sparks to reshape materials.
• The materials are located between the top and bottom
of the electrode, after which the computer decides how
much electrical discharge the electrodes produce.
 8. CNC Router Machine
• The CNC router machine is works likewise to other CNC
machines such as lathe or milling. The principal
difference is that all of this carpenter works manually
such as interior, door carving, and exterior decoration,
wood panels, signboards, wood frames, molding,
musical instruments, furniture, and more.
• According to the sketch, you can design if possible you
can create in the system then execute it on a CNC router
machine. This provides a better surface finish. It would
be a very good machine in terms of door design and
more.
 9. CNC Machine with Automatic Tool
Changes
• Automatic tool changer CNC machine is applied to
develop the tool carrying capacity and production rate
of the machine. And also used to improve the
machine’s capacity to work with a number of tools.
This type of CNC machine changes the tool very quickly
and easily handles and change worn out or broken
tools.
The most important thing about this CNC machine is
that it reduces non-productive time. The Automatic
tool changer CNC machine is a perfect step towards
complete automation.
 10. 3-D Printer
• It is a CNC machine in which elements are
printed layer-by-layer. The design and drawing
are created by the CAD and CAM process and
then the 3D printer used to reflect that design.
The 3D printer CNC machine used for the
printing of buildings and premises.
 11. 5-Axis CNC Machine
• The 5-Axis CNC machine is a machine with a
total of 5 axes. Originally, it has 3 axes (X, Y,
and Z), the cutting operation of any tool has
done in 3 directions, but 2 additional axes
were added (A, B) which means there are 5
axes. This machine is used to produce
sculptures.
 12. Pick and Place Machine
• This is another type of CNC machine. It is used
in the industry. The pick and place CNC
machine has many nozzles that lift electrical
components for electronic equipment and
place them in the correct location. They are
generally used in the manufacture of cell
phones, computers, and tablets, etc.
 VMC Machine Motion
• CNC machines use a 3D Cartesian coordinate
system. Parts to be machined are fastened to
the machine table. This table moves in the XY-
Plane. As the operator faces the machine, the
X-Axis moves the table left-right. The Y-Axis
moves the table forward-backward. The
machine column grips and spins the tool. The
column controls the Z-axis and moves up-
down.
What Is a VMC Machine? Its Types, Uses an
d Processes
• Machine-based manufacturing is the process of
removing layers of material from a work piece with
the use of machine tools to produce the desired
product or part. It is divided into several
categories: manual vs. CNC, three-axis vs. five-axis,
and vertical vs. horizontal. Each process version
has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, making
it suited for various manufacturing applications. In
this article, we are going to talk about Vertical
Machining Centers.
 What is a VMC Machine?
• Vertical Machining Centers, also known as Vertical Milling
Machines, create holes in flat parts. The VMC technology is
favored when three-axis work is done on a single face, such as
in-mold and dies works.
• Multiple adjustments are available on VMCs. For example, on
the worktable, there are numerous angles of approach and
rotating and other positioning devices. The incorporated
computerized controls enable automation, repeatability, tool
selection/change, and contour control. These new
CNC machines raised the productivity of the “milling” machine
to unprecedented heights, giving rise to the term VMC
(Vertical Machining Center).
 How many axes are in vmc machines?
• Mainly VMC Machines have only three axis
that move on x, y and z axis. On Standard
VMCs the cutter stays in vertical directions. To
increase the benefits of VMC additional axis
can be added.
 Types of VMC Machine
• VMC machines are classified based on mainly four
categories:
• ● Classification based on the Guide Rail: Hard Rail
& Linear Rail:
• The VMC machine can be separated into the hard
rail and linear rail based on the shape of each axis’
guide rail. The stiffness of the strong rail makes it
appropriate for heavy cutting. The linear rail is a
ball-bearing guide rail that moves rapidly and with
greater sensitivity.
 Types of VMC Machine
• ● Classification based on the Spindle Speed:
Low Speed & High Speed:
• The low-speed type VMC machines’ spindle
speed is 6000-15000 rpm, whereas the high-
speed type’s spindle speed is above 18000
rpm. Surface polish and processing precision
will improve high-speed and high-precision
VMC machines.
 Types of VMC Machine
• ● Classification based on the Bed Structure: C
Type & Gantry Type:
• The VMC can be classified into two types
based on its bed structure: C type and gantry
type.
 Types of VMC Machine
• ● Classification based on the Column Structure:
Fixed column & fixed worktable:
• ❖ Fixed-column VMC stands for vertical machining
center with table movement. This type of vertical
machining center accounts for over 75% of the
market in terms of production and sales.
• ❖ A fixed worktable VMC is also known as a moving-
column type VMC. This type of vertical machining
center accounts for around 15% of the vertical
machining center market in production and sales.
 Applications of VMC Machining
Vertical machining centers may produce parts and
products for various industries and uses. These are
typically used for high-precision, high-accuracy, and mass-
production applications, such as those that contain the
following machined components:
• Parts with a lot of curves:
Complex curves are found in parts such as cams,
impellers, and propellers. While traditional machining
processes make it challenging to produce these parts with
precision and accuracy, a multi-axis VMC equipped with
CNC machine technology can do so fast and efficiently.
 Applications of VMC Machining
• Parts that have an unusual shape:
• A bracket or a base is an example of a piece
with an irregular form. VMCs with automatic
machining capabilities enable the
manufacture of these highly complicated
components that are difficult to manufacture
by traditional methods.
 Applications of VMC Machining
• Parts from the military:
• Various standards govern how an item can be
developed and manufactured in the military
industry. VMCs’ accuracy and precision ensure
that the machined components meet all
application and industry requirements.
 What are the uses of VMC machines?
• VMC Machines are chiefly used to turn raw
blocks of metal like aluminum, steel and other
metal components. The most common
industrial applications of these are cutting,
drilling, shaping and molding of any kind.
Industries using these processes are the
automotive, shipbuilding, machine shops,
machine manufacturing and other
manufacturing industries.
What is the elements of CNC?
 What is the elements of CNC?
• A computer numerical control (CNC) system
consists of three basic components: CNC
software that is a program of instructions, a
machine control unit, and processing
equipment, also called machine tool.
 Parts of CNC Machine
• The Input Device.
• Machine Control Unit.
• Machine Tools.
• The Drive System.
• Feedback Mechanism.
• Display Unit.
• Bed.
• Headstock.
 What are the parts of VMC machine?
• Complete Spindle.
• Electric Spindle.
• Spindle Reduction Gear Box.
• Column Heightening.
• Side Milling Head.
• Coolant Trough Spindle.
• Multiple Spindles.
 Basic functions of CNC
• CNC is designed to perform many functions
which either difficult or impossible to perform
by a NC machine. Some important function of
CNC are:

• Machine Tool Control

• In-process compensation
• Improved programming and operating features
• Diagnostic
 Basic functions of CNC
• Machine Tool Control:
• Controlling the machine tool is the primary
function of a CNC. It includes the conversion
of part program instruction into machine tool
motions. This conversion is done through a
computer interface and servo system.
 Basic functions of CNC
• In-process compensation:
• It involves the real-time dynamic correction of errors in the machine
tools motion during processing. Some features of in-process
compensation are listed below

• Debugging the problem and adjusting for the error sensed by in-
process probes and gauges.
• Recalculation of axis positions when inspection probe is locating the
reference on work part.
• Adaptive control adjustment to the tool speed and feed.
• Compute the predicted tool life and select alternative tooling when
indicated.
• Offset adjustment for tool radius and length.
 Basic functions of CNC
• Improved programming and operating features:
• The flexibility of soft-wired control of CNC allows the introduction of
many convenient programming and operation features. The main
features are listed below

• Manual data input and editing of part program at machine - it permits

the correction and optimization of part program.
• Graphic display tool path help to verify the tape.
• Support more than one system of units.
• Use of specially written subroutine program.
• Types of interpolation technique: Cubic, circular and parabolic
interpolation.
• Large local storage system that having more than one program.
 Basic functions of CNC
• Diagnostic:
• CNC machines are very expensive and complicated. The complexity of machine
required well trained and proficient personal for maintenance. The CNC
machines are often equipped with the diagnostic capability to assist during the
maintenance of system. The diagnostic subsystem has several features. One of
the main features is that it identifies the reason for a problem and guide the
maintenance personnel so that he/ she can repair the system very quickly.

Second feature that it alerts the imminent failure of certain component, so the
maintenance personnel can check/ replace the faulty component during
scheduled downtime and thus avoid unplanned downtime.

Third possible function is that when a component fails, the diagnostic

subsystem automatically disconnects the faulty component and activates the
redundant component. It helps to avoid the further damage to machine and
work; repairs can be done without breaking the normal operation.
 Drives in CNC machine
The CNC machines are provided with three major
Drive mechanisms viz. Spindle Drive Mechanism, Feed
Drive Mechanism and Automatic Tool Changer (ATC).
• Spindle Drive Mechanism:
The spindle movement of the CNC lathe is to transmit
the main cutting force, and the power consumed
accounts for about 60% of the total power of the
machine. Therefore, the drive system must have
sufficient power, rigidity, and sufficient torque to
maintain sufficient torque at low speeds.
 Drives in CNC machine
• Feed Drive Mechanism:
The feed drive is one of the most important
parts of every CNC machine tool. The
productivity and accuracy of the CNC machine
tool highly depend on its chracteristics. The
feed drive main purpose is to move the
working parts of machine tool (working table,
tool unit, spindle unit etc.) through machine
axes.
 Drives in CNC machine
• Automatic Tool Changer:
An automatic tool changer (ATC) is used in
computerized numerical control (CNC)
machine tools to improve the production and
tool carrying capacity of the machine. ATCs
change tools rapidly, reducing non-productive
time. They are generally used to improve the
capacity of the machines to work with a
number of tools.
 Drives in CNC machine
• Power drives:
The power drives used on CNC machines may
be Electrical Drives, Hydraulic Drives, or
Pneumatic Drives. Generally, a CNC machine
is provided with a combination of these drives
depending on the merits and demerits
associated with a drive for the specific and
intended use.
 Drives in CNC machine
• Spindle drives:
Spindles are electrically or air-powered devices that
come in numerous sizes. Typically, there is a shaft that
holds the tool together, a motor, and a taper used to
control various tools. Then, the spindle rotates on an
axis. The axis is controlled by commands coming from
either a person or a computer.
Varieties of spindles include grinding spindles, electric
spindles, machine tool spindles, low-speed spindles,
high speed spindles.
 Drives in CNC machine
• Electrical drives:
The CNC machines are provided with three
major Drive mechanisms viz. Spindle Drive
Mechanism, Feed Drive Mechanism and
Automatic Tool Changer (ATC).
 What is CNC Machining?
• When a CNC system is activated, the desired cuts are
programmed into the software and dictated to
corresponding tools and machinery, which carry out the
dimensional tasks as specified, much like a robot.
• In CNC programming, the code generator within the
numerical system will often assume mechanisms are
flawless, despite the possibility of errors, which is greater
whenever a CNC machine is directed to cut in more than
one direction simultaneously. The placement of a tool in
a numerical control system is outlined by a series of
inputs known as the part program.
 What is CNC Machining?
• With a numerical control machine, programs are
inputted via punch cards. By contrast, the programs
for CNC machines are fed to computers through small
keyboards. CNC programming is retained in a
computer’s memory. The code itself is written and
edited by programmers. Therefore, CNC systems offer
far more expansive computational capacity. Best of
all, CNC systems are by no means static since newer
prompts can be added to pre-existing programs
through revised code.
 What are the Types of CNC Turning
Centers?
• There are two broad categories of CNC turning
centers (centres), which include horizontal
turning centers and vertical turning centers.
Horizontal turning centers are far more
common than their vertical counterparts.
 Maintenance of CNC machine
• Yearly Maintenance:

Remove coolant tank completely; take out

metal chips not caught by the conveyor; check
for bacterial growth; inspect and clean the
system. Test hydraulic oil for contaminates;
replace filters. Drain and clean lubrication
unit; change oil. Check headstock for tapering.
What is preventive maintenance in CNC?

• Important preventive maintenance

benchmarks:

Check the hydraulic pressure and fluids,

making sure they're operating at the right
levels. Check lubrication operating levels, and
replenish if necessary. Make sure the cooling
unit is operating correctly.
 Difference between NC and VMC
• NC Machine [Lathe] VMC machine [Milling]
• 1) Main application of CNC is turning. 1) Main application of VMC is milling.
• 2)There is two axis X & Z 2) There are three axes.

• 3) Work piece is rotate. 3) Tool is rotate.

• 4) Tool axis in CNC is X & Z. 4) But in VMC there is only one tool axis i.e. Z
• 5) In CNC we take geometrical offset of X & Z axis. 5) In VMC we take geometrical offset of only Z axis.
• 6) Offset selection & tool position : T0606
• Where, first 06 – tool no , second 06 – offset no
• 6) Offset selection & tool position : G43 H2 Z20
• Where, G43- tool offset command,
• H2 – tool offset no, Z20 –tool position.
• 7) Tool rotation is not possible.
• 7) In VMC tool is rotate.
• 8) Tool hold in turret.
• 8) Tool hold in tool magazine.
• 9) During cutting tool feed support provide by turret
• 9) During cutting tool feed support provide by spindle.
• 10) There is single work station due to no need of work coordinate.
• 10) There multiple work station is possible.