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Vertebrate Phylogeny: Fishes

This document provides an overview of vertebrate evolution from early jawless fish to modern amphibians. It describes the major eras and periods in which different groups evolved, including the Cambrian period which saw the first ostracoderms and jawed fish evolving from ostracoderms in the Silurian period. Key transitional groups are discussed such as the lobed-finned fish giving rise to early tetrapods in the Devonian period. Modern amphibian groups including caecilians, salamanders, and frogs are also briefly introduced.

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Hossam Elsaka
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18 views22 pages

Vertebrate Phylogeny: Fishes

This document provides an overview of vertebrate evolution from early jawless fish to modern amphibians. It describes the major eras and periods in which different groups evolved, including the Cambrian period which saw the first ostracoderms and jawed fish evolving from ostracoderms in the Silurian period. Key transitional groups are discussed such as the lobed-finned fish giving rise to early tetrapods in the Devonian period. Modern amphibian groups including caecilians, salamanders, and frogs are also briefly introduced.

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Hossam Elsaka
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Comparative Anatomy

Vertebrate Phylogeny:
Fishes
Kardong
Chapter s 2 & 3

Part 4
Vertebrate Classification

Figure 4.1a
 Geological Eras of early
vertebrates
 Paleozoic (oldest) – see
figure 4.1b
 Mesozoic
 Cenozoic
Figure 4.1b.
Cambrian Period
 Ostracoderms- first vertebrates,
bony skin
 Class Agnatha- jawless fish
 No paired fins (a)
 Bony exoskeleton with

dermal armor
 Ex: hagfish and lampreys (b)

Figure 4.2. (a) ostracoderm, (b)


(c) ostracoderm, and (c) lamprey.

 Jawed fish evolved from


Ostracoderms in Silurian period
Chordate Origins: Lower to Higher
Organisms
 Echinoderm ancestor
(deuterostomes)
gave rise to
vertebrates
 Deuterostomes-
blastopore gives rise
to anus
 Protostomes-
blastopore gives rise
to mouth
Figure 4.3. (above) protostomes and (b) deuterostomes.
Gnathostomes: Placoderms
 Class Placodermi
 Jawed and paired fins
 Bony dermal
exoskeleton; armored
fish
 1st jaws were large Figure 4.4. Armored fish.
 Jawed fishes gave rise to all
other fishes
 Age of fishes- Devonian
Period Figure 4.5. Mandibular (ma) and hyoid (hy) arches
develop in gnathostomes into palatoquadrate (pq) and
Meckel’s (Mc) cartilages
Fish Evolution

(a) (b)

Figure 4.6. (a) jawless fish, (b)


early jawed fish, and (c) modern
jawed fish. (c)
Placoderms

 Anadromous- fish move


to freshwater to breed
 Catadromous- fish
move from freshwater
to breed
 Hypothesized function
of bone: to provide
calcium for muscle
contraction
Figure 4.7. Craniates through geological time
(Book figure 3.1).
Cartilagenous Fishes
 Chondrichthyes
 Cartilaginous skeleton

 Bone remains in scales -


placoid scales
 Teeth are modified
scales
 Ex: elasmobranchs
(sharks, rays = skates,)
and the holocephalans
(chimaeras-ratfishes) Figure 4.8. Basking shark-second largest fish.
Elasmobranchii vs Holocephali

Figure 4.9. (Book


figure 3.13).
Tail Type
 Heterocercal- vertebral axis curves
upward; two asymmetrical lobes
(dorsal portion larger)
 More primitive, some bony fish
 Ex: sharks
 Homocercal- symmetrical dorsal
and ventral lobes
 Most common
 Ex: perch
 Diphycercal- spear shaped
 Ex: lungfish, crossopterygians Figure 4.10. Tail types.
Class Osteichthyes
 Subclass Actinopterygii
(ray-finned)
 Chondrostei- most primitive;
heterocercal tail
 Ex: sturgeon, paddlefish,
Polypterus
 Holostei- dominant in past;
heterocercal tail
 Ex: gar, bowfin Figure 4.11. Venomous lionfish
(actinopterygian).
 Teleostei- dominant today;
homocercal tail
 Majority of all fish
Figure 4.12.

 Evolutionary relationship of vertebrates with


jaws (Gnathostomata) to those with bony
skeleton (Osteichthyes)
Class Osteichthyes (cont.)
 Subclass Sarcopterygii
(fleshy or lobe finned)
 3 genera of lungfish are
found on 3 separate
continents
 Continental Drift
 Torpidity- inactivity;
hibernation
 Aestivation- burrow through
dry season Figure 4.13. Aestivation; fish burrows into
 Order Dipnoi mud until rain returns. (see Box
Figure 1, p . 101).
 Order Crossospterygii
Early Sarcopterygians

Figure 4.14. Early Devonian fishes, including the newly described Tiktaalik (an
intermediate link between fishes and land vertebrates). (Book figure 3.20.).
Order Crossopterygii
 “Living fossil fish”
 Species thought to be
extinct until coelacanth
(Latimeria) discovered.
 Found off coast of South
Africa in 1938
 May be a separate species
discovered off Indonesia in
1999

Figure 3.15. Global locations of


coelacanth discoveries.
Coelacanth

Figure 3.16. Coelacanth in Indian Ocean.


Coelacanth

Figure 4.17. Coelacanth.

Figure 4.18. Africa’s Sundaytimes-political humor.


Figure 4.19. Labyrinthodont (primitive tetrapod).

Crossopterygiians (lobe-finned fish) gave rise to


labyrinthodonts (early tetrapods)
in Devonian Period
Linking Morphology
 Limbs
 Vertebrae
 Girdles similar
 Fins’ skeletal composition
exhibits homology with
early tetrapods
 Amphibian diversity
during Carboniferous Figure 4.20.
period
 Toward reptiles, Anura,
Caudata, and Apoda.

Figure 4.21.
More Linking Evidence
 Skulls – flattened with
homologous bones
 A chiridium – muscular limb
with well-defined joints and
digits
 Parietal foramen
 Crossopterygian skull
Figure 4.22. Crossopterygian skull.
shows place for third eye
 Third (pineal) eye visible
in young reptiles (e.g.,
tautara)
 Tooth structure
 Labyrinthodont tooth

Figure 4.23. Grooved tooth.


Lissamphibia – Modern
Amphibians

 Apoda - caecilians
 Long and slim;
segmented rings
 Dermal bones (scales)
embedded in annuli
Figure 4.24. Caecilian showing annular body
rings.

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