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Fish Phylogenetics 17-18

The document discusses fish phylogenetics, detailing the evolutionary relationships among fish and their ancestors, which date back over 500 million years. It covers the development of jaws, the classification of fish into various groups such as jawless vertebrates, chondrichthyans, sarcopterygians, and actinopterygians, and highlights significant evolutionary trends in teleostean fishes. Key advancements in jaw structure, fin function, and overall mobility are also emphasized throughout the historical context of fish evolution.

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15 views16 pages

Fish Phylogenetics 17-18

The document discusses fish phylogenetics, detailing the evolutionary relationships among fish and their ancestors, which date back over 500 million years. It covers the development of jaws, the classification of fish into various groups such as jawless vertebrates, chondrichthyans, sarcopterygians, and actinopterygians, and highlights significant evolutionary trends in teleostean fishes. Key advancements in jaw structure, fin function, and overall mobility are also emphasized throughout the historical context of fish evolution.

Uploaded by

oladimejimercy910
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FISH PHYLOGENETICS

Meaning of phylogenetics
• It is the systematic study of organisms
relationships based on evolutionary
similarities and differences
• Fishes have an ancestry that goes back at least
500 million years.
• Some fossil groups can be linked with extant
taxa while some extant taxa lack obvious fossil
(miniralized remains of animals) antecedents
• The first fishes to fossilize occurred during the Early
Cambrian .
• They lacked jaws but possessed bony armour and a
muscular feeding pump.
• Five superclasses of jawless vertebrate craniates are
recognized: conodonts, pteraspidomorphs, anaspids,
thelodonts, and osteostracomorphs.
• The latter four groups are frequently referred to as
“ostracoderms” in reference to a bony shield that covered
their head and thorax.
• Most ostracoderms lived in both marine and fresh water.
• Conodonts were well known from tooth-like
structures that fossilized abundantly during
Precambrian.
• A four centimeter long body outlines
containing the conodont tooth apparatus was
discovered in Scotland and Wisconsin in the
1980s.
Development of jaws
• Placoderms were early jawed fishes that arose
in the Silurian period
• They had a bony, ornamented, plate-like skin.
• Many were predators and had monstrous size.
• Their teeth consisted of dermal bony plates
attached to jaw cartilage
• The teeth could not be repaired or replaced.
Acanthodians
• The first advanced jawed fishes were the
acanthodians or spiny sharks;
• Which are unrelated to modern sharks
• They were water column swimmers
• They share a common ancestry with modern
bony fishes
Chondrichthyans
The cartilaginous fishes include two subclasses,
• the elasmobranchs (sharklike fishes)
• and the holocephalans (chimaeras).
Sharklike (elasmobranchs) are represented today by a
group of specialized neoselachian sharks and rays.
Modern neoselachian sharks showed improvements in;
jaws,
dentition,
Vertebrae and fins
Chondrichthyans cont.
Chimaeras shared with sharklike fishes;
• a calcified skeleton
• and pelvic fin claspers
but differ by having non-protrusible jaws in
which the upper jaw is fused to the braincase,
and by a single opercular opening).
• Holocephalans were tremendously successful
and diverse through the Mesozoic period.
Classes Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii
• The two arose during the Devonian and
Silurian periods and gave rise to modern
bony fishes.
Sarcopterygians
• They were diversified into three subclasses;
• the coelacanthimorphs (coelacanths),
• dipnoans (lungfishes, osteolepidomorphs, and
elpistostegalians),
• and tetrapods (stem tetrapods, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals)
Elpistostegalians are the most likely ancestors of
tetrapods, because they share skull and neck
characteristics and fin patterns with them
Actinopterygians
• They were diversified into three subclasses;
cladistians (bichirs),
• chondrosteans (palaeoniscoids, sturgeons, and
paddle fishes)
• and neopterygians (semionotoids, gars,
Bowfin, and teleosts).
Palaeoniscoids
• They are the early successful group of
actinopterygians, they possess;
• a triangular dorsal fin,
• heterocercal tail,
• paired ray fins with narrow bases, and
• ganoid scales.
Palaeoniscoids cont.
Importantly their jaw apparatus was structurally
modified to;
• strengthen their bite,
• increase their gape and,
• create suction forces.
Their mobility also improved;
• with lighten scales,
• vertebral ossification and,
• an increasingly symmetrical tail.
Teleostean
• The trend in their evolution largely originated
with the ancestral palaeoniscoids
• particularly with respect to advances in jaw
and fin structure and function.
• The earliest teleosts were the
pholidophoriforms.
Pholidophoriforms
• Four distinct lineages arose from these
ancestors
• the bony tongues (steoglossomorphs),
• the tarpon and true eel (elopomorphs),
• the herring-like and minnow-like
(otocephalans),
• and the euteleosts, which contain most
modern bony fishes.
• Five major trends characterize teleostean
evolution:
• reduction of bony elements,
• shifts in position and function of the dorsal fin,
• placement and function of paired fins,
• caudal fin and gas bladder modifications,
• improvements in their feeding apparatus.

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