Nanoscience

Nanoscience is the ‘study 'of the

fundamental principles of nanomaterials
This includes the physical, chemical and
biological aspects of nanomaterials.
A nanomaterial is an object that has at
least one dimension in the nanometre
scale (approximately 1 to 100 nm).
 • “Nano” means dwarf in Greek
• Nanocsale : 1 nm = 1 x 10-9
m

Nanodevices
Water Nanopores
White Tennis ball
molecule Dendrimers blood cell
Nanotubes
Quantum dots
Nanoshells
How small is nanometer?
How small is nanometer?
Definitions of nanoparticles and nanomaterials by various organizations:
International Organization for Standardization (ISO ), American Society of Testing
and Materials (ASTM), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP), British Standards
Institution (BSI), and Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA )
(Federal Institute for Occupational safety and health).
 Why nanoscience attracting?
● The fundamental properties of matter change at the
nanoscale.
● The physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles
can be quite different from those of larger particles of
the same substance.
● Properties like electrical conductivity, colour, strength
and weight change when the nanoscale level is
reached: the same metal can become a semiconductor
or an insulator at the nanoscale level.
● The properties of atoms and molecules are not
governed by the same physical laws as larger objects,
but by “quantum mechanics”.
 What is Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials,
devices and systems, through the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-
100 nm), where new functionalities and properties of
matter are observed and used for a broad range of
application.

 a microchip that can be inserted into body for controlled

drug-delivery
 Examples: spion :detection for hepatocellular carcinoma.
In December of 1959, Richard Feynman gave a talk called “
There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an annual meeting of
Historical milestones
the American Physical Society at Caltech. In this famous lecture,
Feynman laid the conceptual foundations for the field now
called nanotechnology when he imagined a day when things
could be miniaturized -- when huge amounts of information
could be encoded onto increasingly small spaces, and when
machinery could be made considerably smaller and more
compact.
History of Nanotechnology
• ~ 2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and
Romans to dye hair
• ~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nanoparticles of
different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass
windows
• 1959 – “There is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman
• 1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term
nanotechnology for the first time
• 1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope
• 1985 – “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University and University
of Sussex discover C60
• 1986 – “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by
K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig,
Quate and Gerbe
• 1989 – IBM logo made with individual atoms
• 1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima
• 1999 – “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas
History of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Applications
Information Technology Energy
• More efficient and cost
• Smaller, faster, more
effective technologies for
energy efficient and
energy production
powerful computing − Solar cells
and other IT-based − Fuel cells
systems − Batteries
− Bio fuels

Medicine Consumer Goods

• Cancer treatment • Foods and beverages
− Advanced packaging materials,
• Bone treatment
sensors, and lab-on-chips for
• Drug delivery food quality testing
• Appetite control • Appliances and textiles
• Drug development − Stain proof, water proof and
• Medical tools wrinkle free textiles
• Diagnostic tests • Household and cosmetics
• Imaging − Self-cleaning and scratch free
products, paints, and better
cosmetics
 Nanobiotechnology
Nanobiotechnology is the interface of
nanotechnology and biotechnology and it
includes the application of nanotechnology in
the life sciences.

– It uses nanotechnology to analyse and create

biological nanosystems
– It uses biological materials and structural plans to
produce technical, functional nanosystems
 Who is a master of nano?
About 1 nm
NATURE
Biology

Proteins, enzymes, DNA (2 nm), RNA, peptides

Bone – nanocomposite?
Thank you