Nano Materials And Its Application

Mukund
Ramani
• Introduction to nanomaterials & nanotechnology
• Historical developments.
• Applications of nanotechnology.
• Classifications and types of nanomaterials.
 The new era of Nanotechnology is coming

www.n a n o r o b o t d e s i g n.com www.c a n b i o t e c h n e m s.com

 What is Nano?
• Oringin is from Greek word nannos,
little old man, dwarf
• Extremely Small, one-billionth

1 Nanomater = 10-9 meter

1 Micron = 1000 nm
– From Webster Dictionary
 Definition of Nanotechnology
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale
science, engineering and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring,
modeling, and manipulating matter at this length
scale.”
 Why Nanotechnology?
At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical,
and biological properties of materials differ
in fundamental and valuable ways from the
properties of individual atoms and
molecules or bulk matter.

Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward

understanding and creating improved
materials, devices, and systems that exploit
these new properties.
 In Other Words….
Working at the atomic, molecular
and supra-molecular levels, in the
length scale of approximately 1 –
100 nm range, through the control
and manipulation of matter at the
atomic and molecular level in
Small photonic crystals:
titanium dioxide micro- order to design, create and use
sphere 1-50 mm in materials, devices and systems
diameter
with fundamentally new
properties and functions because
of their small structure.
Courtesy: National Science Foundation
Credit: S. Klein, F. Lange and D. Pine, UC Santa Barbara
 Why Now?
Richard Feynman’s famous presentation “There’s
Plenty of Room at the Bottom” was in the 1959 at
the American Physical Society.
Here he asked:
•Why can’t we manipulate materials atom by
atom?
• Why can’t we control the synthesis of individual
molecules?
• Why can’t we write all of human knowledge on
the head of a pin?
•Why can’t we build machines to accomplish these
things?
 Why Now?
• New tools for atomic-scale
characterization
• New capabilities for single
atom/molecule manipulation
• Computational access to large
systems of atoms and long time scales
• Convergence of scientific-disciplines at
the nanoscale
 Benefits of
Nanotechnology
“The power of nanotechnology is rooted in its
potential to transform and revolutionize multiple
technology and industry sectors, including
aerospace, agriculture, biotechnology,
homeland security and national defense,
energy, environmental improvement,
information technology, medicine, and
transportation. Discovery in some of these
areas has advanced to the point where it is
now possible to identify applications that will
impact the world we live in.”
 History of Nanotechnology
 2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nanocrystals used by
Greeks and Romans to dye hair.
1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold
nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce
different colors in stained glass windows.
1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term
nanotechnology for the first time.
1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling
Microscope. This microscope evolved to allow the
manipulation of individual atoms and molecules in
the field of Nano technology.
1985 – “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University
and University of Sussex discover C60
1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima
 History
• The first ever concept was presented
in 1959 by the famous professor of
physics Dr. Richard P.Feynman.

• Invention of the scanning

tunneling microscope in 1981 and
the discovery of fullerene(C60) in
1985 lead to the emergence
of nanotechnology. THERE’S PLENTY
OF
• The term “Nano-technology" had
been coined by Norio Taniguchi in ROOM AT THE
1974 BOTTOM
How small is the magnitude of
dimensions of a nano material ?
 What is Nanoscale?

Fullerenes C60

22 cm 0.7 nm
12,756 km

1.27 × 107 0.22 0.7 × 10-9 m

m m

10 millions 1 billion
times smaller times
smaller
1 nanometer (nm) = 10 hydrogen atoms side-by-side
“Nano” in terms of relative size
Comparison
of 1 meter
with 1 nm
equals
approximate
ly the size of
the earth
compared
with the size
of dice
vs.
 Naturally Nano

Human Rhinovirus
32 nm diameter

TEM Image
 Especially Nano

DNA Double Helix

2 nm diameter
 How small is a nanometer? (and other small sizes)

Start with a centimeter. A centimeter is about the size of a bean.

1 cm

Each part is a millimeter long. About the

Now divide it into size of a flea.
10 equal parts. 1 mm

Each part is 100 micrometers long.

About the size (width) of a human hair.
Now divide that into 10 equal parts.
100 mm

Each part is a micrometer long. About

the size of a bacterium.
Now divide that into 100 equal
parts. 1 mm
Each part is a 100 nanometers long.
About the size of a virus.
Now divide that into 10 equal parts.
100 nm

Each part is a nanometer. About the

size of a few atoms or a small molecule.
Finally divide that into 100 equal
parts.
1 nm
The Nanometer Size Scale

Nanotube
 Why is Small Good?
- Faster

- Lighter

- Can get into small spaces

- Cheaper

- More energy efficient

- Different properties at very small scale

 Compared to Human Hair

A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide

Nanotechnology deals with the creation of
USEFUL materials, devices and systems
through
control of matter on the nanometer length scale
and exploitation of
NOVEL phenomena and properties
(physical, chemical, biological)
at that length scale
 Nanotechnology is…
Science and technology on the scale of a nanometer--one
billionth of a meter.

The ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules,

making it possible to build machines on the scale of
human cells or create materials and structures from the
bottom up with novel properties.

Capable of changing the way almost everything is

designed and made: from computers to clothing; from
sports equipment to space ships and satellites; from cars
to cancer therapies; from bridges to paint; and even
objects and devices not yet imagined.
What is Nanotechnology?
The Space
Elevator?
Ultra high
strength
materials allow
tower to be built
into space !(?)
 What is Nanotechnology?
DNA Computers in a beaker that
vastly outperform our fastest
supercomputers?
What is Nanotechnology?

Tiny machines
in your body
curing cancer?
Founders of Nanotechnology
 When it comes to Nanotechnology,
one must take into account the
pioneering contributions of Noble
laureates Richard Feynman
and Prof. Richard Smalley

 It was Feynman who first proposed in 1959

that “There is plenty of room at the bottom”

 Dr. Richard Smalley won the Nobel Prize

in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of
a fullerenes called Buckminsterfullerene
 A Brief History

The history of nanotechnology reaches back to the late 19th century,

when colloidal science first took root.

The first mention of some of the distinguishing concepts in nano-

technology was in “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, a talk
given by physicist Richard Feynman at an APS meeting in 1959.

The term “nanotechnology” was defined by Prof. N. Taniguchi (“On

the Basic Concept of ‘Nano-Technology’,” Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod.
Eng. Tokyo, Part II, JSPE, 1974.) as follows: “‘Nano-technology’
mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.”

In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored in much
more depth by Dr. K. E. Drexler, who promoted the technological
significance of nanoscale phenomena and devices through
speeches and books.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s
with two major developments: the birth of cluster science and the
invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).

This development led to the discovery of fullerenes and carbon

nanotubes (1985 – 1991)

The synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals were

studied. This led to a fast increasing number of metal oxide
nanoparticles of quantum dots (QDs).
What are the materials / building blocks of nanotech?

NanostructureSize Example
Material or
Application
Clusters, Radius: Insulators,
nanocrystals, 1-10 nm semiconductors,
quantum dots metals, magnetic
Other Radius: materials
Ceramic oxides,
nanoparticles 1-100 Buckyballs
nm
Nanowires Diamete Metals,
r 1-100 semiconductors,
nm oxides, sulfides,
Nanotubes Diamete nitrides
Carbon, including
r: 1-100 fullerenes, layered
nm chalcogenides
Applications of Nanotechnology
Applications of Nanotechnology
 Are there any
nanotechnologies
in use today?
 Nanotech Companies
• Many of the usual suspects from
among the Fortune 500:
 Nanotech Companies
• Many nano-industry specialists you
probably don’t know:
A few commercial / consumer
applications
Of
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology in Sports Equipment
TENNIS RACKETS, GOLF CLUBS, BASEBALL and
SOFTBALL BATS- all made with high strength, lightweight
plastic composites that contain Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are stronger

than steel, lighter than feathers,
conducting or semi-conducting,
great thermal conductors, and
radiation hard
• is already making today’s products:
– Lighter
– Stronger
– Faster
– Smaller
– More Durable
 Nanotechnologies in Bed Sheets and
Footware!
ICE CREAM and SLIPPERS both
benefit from NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles are particles that are only few nanometers in diameter. They do not behave
like atoms (which are governed by quantum mechanics) and they do not behave like
macroscopic materials (which are governed by Newtonian mechanics). They exist in the
strange world between these extremes.

Nano-Teflon
and Silver
Nanoparticles
 Nano Coatings
• Self-cleaning
• Scratch-resistant
• Anti-icing and anti-fogging
• Antimicrobial
• UV protection
• Corrosion-resistant
• Waterproofing
 Clothing Products
• Water repellent shirts & pants
• shirts and shoe inserts that keep you
cool in the summer and warm in the
winter
• nano socks that don’t “stink” due to the
inclusion of nanotech materials
(nanosized sliver particles)
• Wrinkle-resistant, stain-repellent threads
Treated fabrics are not only wrinkle-proof
but repel stains from perennial offenders
like soda, coffee, wine and syrup, etc.
Color-changing fabrics
Thread developed for military but may soon
be used by clothing companies.
Fabrics/Textiles and
Surface Treatments
 Anti Stain Coatings
• In 2002, Eddie Bauer apparel became the
first brand to employ Nano-Tex stain
resistance technology in its designs.
Nano-Tex has now expanded to bring stain
resistance to fabrics and other interior
finishes. Nano-Tex uses a process that
bonds to each fiber, making textiles
last longer, retain their natural feel and
breathe normally.
 Behr Paints Offers NanoGuard
• Behr’s best line of paint uses
nanoparticles to provide a long lasting,
anti-fade, more durable house paint that
also prevents mildew.
 Automotive Paint – Mercedes-Benz
• The 2007 Mercedes-
Benz SL series cars
sport a protective
coating of
nanoparticles that
provides a three-fold
improvement in the
scratch resistance of
the paintwork.
 Self Healing Composites
• Polymeric and composite
materials are subject to
weakening due to fatigue
cracking. A self-healing
composite has the
potential to defend
against material failure
due to fatigue and to
greatly improve product
safety and reliability. Patent
6858659 - Office of Technology Management – University of Illinois
Urbana Champian
Samsung launches Silver Nano Wash
system
that kills 99% of
• Samsung’sbacteria
Silver Nano Health
System has been applied to a
new range of front-loader
washing machines
• A breakthrough function,
‘Silver Wash’, kills 99 percent of

bacteria in the wash load and

coats the clothes with
antibacterial protection which
lasts for up to 30 days
 ▪ FreshBox® is a newly developed antimicrobial
food container which is made by FinePolymer’s
unique nanotechnology.
• FreshBox® shows
excellent antimicrobial
properties against various
bacteria and fungus
due to the effect of finely
dispersed nano-silver
particles and hence
it make a food fresh
longer compared with
conventional food containers.
 Electronics Products
• Faster and more powerful computers, palm pilots
(blackberries), flash drives, digital cameras and displays, cell
phones, LCDs, LEDs, MP3’s, electronic ink displays, thin film
batteries, and flexible electronics to name a few. All of these
applications are possible and affordable due to the ability to
work effectively and efficiently at the nano-scale
Nanotechnology in Electronics

March 20, 2006

Applied Nanotech has signed a letter of

intent to enter negotiations for a trial on
CARBON NANOTUBE TVs with Da Ling,
a Taiwanese contract manufacturer.

Under the proposed terms, Da Ling will

invest $10 million on a pilot manufacturing
facility to make carbon nanotube TVs based
on Applied's technology. In these TVs,
nanotubes shoot electrons at a screen to
create a picture. Functionally, they are
similar to traditional CRT (cathode-ray tube)
televisions, which still provide the best
picture, but are slim, like LCD (liquid crystal
display) or plasma televisions.
Main categories of Nanomaterials
from Applications point of View

• Carbon based nanomaterials

• Metals and alloys
• Nanoceramics
• Nanocomposites
• Nano-glasses
• Nano-polymers
• Biological nanomaterials
 Classification of Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials

Nanocrystalline or
Nanoparticles nanostructured Nanodevices
materials

Layered or
Filamentary Equiaxed
lamellar
Structures Particles
Structures
2D 3D
1D
The color of gold changes as the particle
size changes at the nanometer scale.

Chad Mirkin, Northwestern University, in

NYTimes article by K. Chang - 2005
ize dependence of Optical Propertie
 Source: Wilson et al 2002

Application Particles required

Nanotechnology advantages
Polishing Aluminum Faster rate of surface
Slurries Oxide removal reduces
operating costs

Tin Oxide Better finishing due to

finer particles
Capacitors Barium Titanate Less material required
for a given level of
capacitance
Tantalum High capacitance due to
reduction in layer
Alumina thickness and increased
surface area resulting
 Application Particles required
Nanotechnology advantages
Catalysts Titanium Dioxide Increased activity due
to smaller particle size

Cerium Oxide Increased wear

Alumina resistance

Hard Coatings Tungsten Carbide Thin coatings reduce

Alumina the amount of material
required

Conductive Silver Increased conductivity,

Inks reduces consumption

 Source: Wilson et al 2002

ation Particles required Nanotechnology advant

Pigments Iron Oxide Lower material costs, as
opacity is obtained with
smaller particles

Zirconium Silicate Better physical-optical

Titanium Dioxide properties due to
enhanced control over
particles
Structural Aluminium Improved mechanical

Ceramics Oxide properties

Aluminium Reduced production costs
Titanate due to lower sintering
Zirconium Oxide temperatures
Health related applications
 Health and Medicine
Products
• Blood Analyser
Tiny channels in a card filter
white from red blood cells.
When the card is popped into
the analysing machine, it can
come up with a white-cell
count in 10 to 15 minutes. This
could be important for HIV
treatment.
 Nanotube-based
• Effective and less expensive health care
biosensor for
using remote and in-vivo devices
cancer diagnostics
• New formulations and routes for
drug delivery, optimal drug usage

• More durable, rejection-resistant

artificial tissues and organs

• Sensors for early detection and prevention

 • Antimicrobial Effects of Silver

 Silver is known to be a potent antimicrobial agent

 Silver is effective against a broad range of aerobic,
anaerobic, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria,
yeast, filamentous fungi and viruses
 Silver ions kill the micro-organisms instantly by
blocking the cell respiratory pathways

As per recent reports, Nanocrystalline silver

is preferred to silver nitrate and silver sulfadiazane
for treatment of wounds
 Cosmetics Products
• Skin care
cosmetics containing nanocapsules
Such cosmetics can deeply penetrate
into the skin and don't degrade while on
the shelf

• Nanocrystalline Sunscreen
Nano-dispersed zinc oxide provides
broad-spectrum protection against UV
rays

Z-Cote produces a high-purity

nanocrystalline zinc oxide, which allows
the sunscreen to go on clear
 Products with Protective
Coatings
• Glare-reducing and fog-resistant coatings
for eyeglasses and windshields

• Sunglasses
To give the glasses antireflection and
scratch-resistance functionality,
Nanofilm deposits coating layers of
150 nm are developed

• No-wax car finish--for example,

by Mercedes
Carbon nanotubes

A novel material
 Carbon is the Stuff of Many
Nanotechnologies

Diamond Graphite Fullerenes Nanotubes

Nanotechnology in Soccer Balls?
A Soccer Ball is a
perfect model for a
molecule called
=
Fullerene. Fullerenes
are all-carbon
molecules and an
important component
of nanotechnology.
Carbon Nanotubes
Buckminster
Fullerene C60

Smalley, Curl,
Kroto. Nobel Prize
 What’s the big deal about
carbon nanotubes???

• Amazing Mechanical Properties

• Amazing Electrical Properties:

– Can be conductors or semiconductors
– Could be the building block of nanocomputing
• CNTs are 100 times
stronger than steel

• They are the best

electrical & thermal

conductors
discovered
• CNTs have

highly porous
structure and hence
used in Hydrogen
Fuel Cells
Nanoelectronics
Nano Electronics and
Computing
• Molecular Electronics
• DNA computing
What is
Nanoelectronics?
• A disruptive technology in which
individual (and ordered assemblies)
of nanometer-scale components
function as active device elements
• Promises devices that will provide
significant cost advantages as well
as performance increases in speed,
power consumption, sensitivity, and
device density
• Enables new classes of devices and
functionality
 Materials for Interconnects
Materials for Interconnects
Carbon
Aluminum Copper Nanotubes

1999 When?

Resistivity of Al Resistivity of Cu Very low electrical

= 2.6 μΩ-cm = 1.7 μΩ-cm resistivity of CNTs
 Nanoelectronics
approaches

) Diodes and transistors based on metal and semiconductor nanowires; B) Carbon nanotube transistors;
) FETs based on SAMs of small organic molecules; D) Large biomolecules as digital storage elements
Characterization
of
Nanomaterials
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
 Concluding Remarks
• Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will
impact electronics and computing, materials and
manufacturing, health, medicine, energy,
transportation….
• Opportunities and rewards are great and hence,
tremendous worldwide interest
• Integration of this emerging field into engineering
and science curriculum is important to prepare the
future generation of scientists and engineers