Course Outline

 Introduction to Antennas
 Dipole, Monopole, Loop and Slot Antennas
 Linear and Planar Arrays
 Yagi-Uda and Log-Periodic Antennas
 Microstrip Antennas
 Helical Antennas
 Horn Antennas
 Reflector Antennas
 Reference Books
1. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design,
John Wiley, 2005
2. J.D. Kraus and R.J. Marhefka, Antennas, McGraw Hill,
2003
3. G. Kumar and K.P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas,
Artech House, 2003
4. J.R. James and P.S. Hall, Handbook of Microstrip Antennas,
Peter Peregrinus, 1989
5. W.L. Stutzman and G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and
Design,
John Wiley, 2012
6. R.C. Johnson, Antenna Engineering Handbook, McGraw
Hill,1993
Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems

Modulating Transmitter
Signal
Impedance
Modulator Amplifier Matching
Network
Carrier
Signal

Receiver

RF IF Filter Demod Display

Amplifier Mixer and ulator device/
Amplifier
speaker
LO
 Antenna Radiation
Pattern z

Radiation Pattern: Major Lobe

(HPBW)
Isotropic (FNBW)
Omni-directional
Directional

Polarization:
Minor Lobes Side Lobe
Linear (H or V)
Elliptical y
Circular
Back Lobe

x
2-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna
z
Beamwidth between first
(HPBW) Major Lobe nulls
(FNBW) (FNBW) ~ 2.25 x HPBW
(Half Power Beamwidth)
Side Lobe Level
Minor (SLL)
Side
Lobes < 20 dB for satellite
Lobe y and high power
applications
Back
Front to Back
Lobe Ratio (F/B) > 20
x
dB
 Dipole Antennas

Folded Broadband Dipole

Radiation Pattern of a Dipole Antenna Antenna for RF Harvesting

Chip

Microstrip line fed

Dipole Antenna
Dipole Antenna for RFID
 3-D Radiation Pa ttern of Antenna `

Isotropic Radiation Omni-Directional Radiation Directional Radiation

Pattern D = 1 = Pattern of λ/2 Dipole Pattern of Microstrip
0dB Antenna D = 1.64 = 2.1dB Antenna Array D = 500 =
27dB
 Directivity of Antenna `

Directivity of an antenna is the ratio of radiation density in the direction of

maximum radiation to the radiation density averaged over all the directions.
Um  DUo

Uo

Example: For Infinitesimal Dipole

 Antenna Fundamentals
Gain and Directivity of the
Antenna
41253 = 4π A / λ2 Gain = η D
D  E H

Reflection Coefficient and

VSWR V
ZA  VSWR  max 1  
 Z  V 
1
A min
Z0 
Z0
Bandwidth of the Antenna: Frequency range over which
VSWR < 2 (corresponds to |Γ| = 1/3, Pr = 1/9 = 11.1%)
Directivity and Gain of an antenna

Directivity of Large Antenna Directivity of Small Antenna

D 

41253
E H
Gain = η D where η is Efficiency of
Antenna
Directivity
Practice Problem: Find the is proportional
gain in dB ofto the Effectivereflector
a parabolic Apertureantenna
Area of at 15
Antennaof 1m. Assume efficiency is 0.6. What will be its gain at 36
GHz having diameter
GHz?
Hint: Aperture Area of parabolic reflector antenna = π r2
 Polarization of Antenna
Orientation of radiated electric field vector in the main beam of the
antenna

Wave is Linearly Polarized

Wave is Circularly Polarized

Wave is Elliptically Polarized

 Axial Ratio of Antenna

, circular polarization
, elliptical
polarization
, linear polarization

Axial Ratio Bandwidth:

Frequency range over which Axial Ratio Plot of Circularly Polarized MSA
AR < 3 dB Bandwidth for AR < 3dB = 380MHz (13%)
 Input Impedance and VSWR of
Antenna
Input Impedance Reflection Coefficient and VSWR
RA represents power loss
from the antenna and XA
Z Z
gives the power stored in   Z A  Z0
A 0
R A  Rr  RL the near field of the
antenna
Vmax
VSWR  1  

er Rr  Radiation Efficiency V min 1  

r L

Practice
R R Problem:
r A

Calculate Reflection Coefficient and VSWR for impedance ZA = 10, 30, 50,100Ω
R R
 Input Impedance Plot on Smith
Chart
Example: If antenna , calculate Γ and
impedance VSWR.

Normalized Input Impedance Plot

on Smith Chart gives Γ and VSWR
 Microstrip Antenna at 5.8 GHz

MSA Design at
5.8GHz for RT Duroid
5880 Substrate Input Impedance Plot Return Loss Plot
height = 0.8mm on Smith Chart BW for |Γ| ≤ -10
normalized with 50 dB is 85MHz
ohm (1.5%)
 Radiation Pattern of 8x8 MSA Array `

Main Beam

Side Lobes

Cross
Polar

Cartesian Plot Polar Plot

HPBW= 8.8°, FNBW=20°
 Link Budget
Transmitting antenna Receiving antenna

Aet Aer

Transmitter Receiver

Friis Transmission Equation

Pr  Pt Gt   Wa
24 tt
Gr 
r 
 Link Budget
Transmittin
Receiving
g
Antenna
Antenna r

Aet Aer

Transmitter Receiver

Power Density

Friis Transmission Equation

 Power Density
Example: A GSM1800 cell tower antenna is transmitting 20W of power in
the frequency range of 1840 to 1845MHz. The gain of the antenna is 17dB.
Find the power density at a distance of (a) 50m and (b) 300m in the
direction of maximum radiation.

Power Density:

(a) r = 50m:

(b) r = 300m:
Monopole Antennas
Short monopole
current
h
Quarter-wave
monopole current

Image
currents

Broadband Triangular
Monopole Antenna
used for RF Harvesting
from Cell Phone
Dipole Antenna Applications

Chip

Compact Dipole Antenna for RFID

Folded Broadband
Dipole Antenna for RF
Harvesting
(Triangular shape for
broadband and multi-
fold gave Zin = 750 Ω)
 CONCLUSIONS
 Antenna technology is rapidly changing.
 Requirement for innovative thinking to meet
the challenges – broad-band, multi-band,
compact, high efficiency, multi-polarization,
MIMO, smart antennas, etc.
 Design is the most important thing.
 Requires precision manufacturing.
 Low cost without sacrifice in performance.
 Infinitesimal Dipole

An infinitesimally small current element

is called the Hertz Dipole (Length L<
λ/50)

Assume an infinitesimal current element of

length dl carrying an alternating current Io.
The instantaneous current is
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 𝑜 𝑒
𝑗 𝑤𝑡 𝑖^ 𝑧

𝜇 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑒 𝑗 𝑤 where, k = 2π
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑧𝑧^ = 𝑡
λ Dipole and its field
4𝜋 𝑟 𝑧^
𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑙 components in spherical
polar co-ordinate
 Uniform Current – Near and Far Fields

Near Field Region

Near Reactive Field Region

Near Radiative Field Region

Far Field Region

r> where d is the maximum dimension

of the antenna
 Uniform Current - Radiation
Pattern
Far Field Region (kr>>1) Directivity
U max
𝑘𝐼 𝑙 D0  4 
3
𝑜 Prad
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝜂 4𝜋𝑟 2
sin𝜃
𝑘𝐼𝑜 𝑙
𝐻𝜙 = 𝑗 4𝜋𝑟 sin𝜃
E-plane radiation pattern
𝐸𝜃 Impedance of
𝐻𝜙 = 𝜂 = 120𝜋 free-space
2
𝑙
𝑅𝑟 = 80𝜋2
𝜆

𝐸𝑟 ≃ 𝐸𝜙 = 𝐻𝑟 = 𝐻𝜃 = 0 3-D radiation pattern

Note : Infinitesimal antenna is not an efficient radiator H-plane radiation pattern

 Small Dipole Antenna

A current element whose length is /50 < l  /10 is called small dipole
antenna

A small dipole Approximate Triangular Current distribution

Antenna
 Input Impedance of
Transmission Line
l

𝑍0 𝑍L
Case 1: 𝑍𝐿= 0, → Z 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗𝑍0tan𝛽𝑙
𝑍0
Case 2: 𝑍𝐿= ∞, → Z 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗tan𝛽𝑙

𝑍 in
Case 3: 𝑍 𝐿 = 𝑍0 , → Z 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0

Where, 𝛽= 𝜆
2𝜋
For Short-circuit, ZL = 0, Zin is inductive, so T-Line represents inductance
𝜆
𝑖𝑓 𝑙 < 4 → tan𝛽𝑙 = +𝑣𝑒 Open-circuit, ZL = , Zin is capacitive, so T-Line represents
𝜆 𝜆 capacitance
<𝑙< → tan𝛽𝑙 = −𝑣𝑒
4 2
Current Distribution of Dipole Antenna for Different Lengths
Radiation Pattern of Dipole Antenna for Different Lengths
Dipole Antenna Radiation Pattern for l = 1.25λ

Two Dimensional Three Dimensional

Directivity is maximum for a thin dipole of length l =
1.25λ
 Flat Dipole Antenna

BW for |S11| < 10 dB is

from 1.39 to 1.54
GHz
(150 MHz, 10.2%)

Length of each segment = 50 mm

Width = 4mm, Gap = 2mm
 Printed Dipole Antenna

Length of each segment = 50 mm

Width = 4mm, Gap = 2mm
FR4 substrate: εr = 4.4, tanδ = BW = 1.14 to 1.28 GHz (140 MHz, 11.6%)
0.02, h = 1.6mm
 Balun Design (Contd.)
Ferrite core maintains high impedance levels over a wide frequency range.
A good design can provide bandwidths of 10 to 1 whereas coil coaxial
baluns can provide bandwidths of 2 or 3 to 1.

Ferrite core

Metal sleeve
𝑍1(unbalanced)

𝑍1(balanced)

Shorted to coax’s Coaxial line

outer conductor

Ferrite core
Sleeve or bazooka balun balun Wide
Narrow BW BW
 Microstrip Balun Dipole Antenna for GSM900

Microstrip Balun Dipole BW for |S11| < 10 dB is from 881 to 967 MHz
Antenna L = 127 mm, w = 4 mm (covers GSM900 band of 890 to 960 MHz)
FR4 substrate: εr = 4.4, tanδ =
0.02, h = 1.6mm
Folded Dipole Antenna

The impedance of the N fold folded dipole is

N2
times greater than that of an isolated
dipole of the same length as one of its side.

Impedance for 2-fold dipole antenna is

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 22𝑍𝑟
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 4𝑍𝑟

2-fold dipole antennas are used in Yagi-Uda Antennas for

TV reception using balanced line of Z0 = 300 Ω
 Loop Antennas

Small Circular Loop Antenna

equivalent to Magnetic Multi-turn Loop Antenna
Dipole
[C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John Wiley,
2005]
 Microstrip Antennas (MSA)
Y
Microstrip Antennas:
 Different Shapes
Top  Broadband
View
W X  Compact
x
 Multi-band
L
 Dual polarization
Side r
Vie
h  Circular Polarization
w  Linear and Planar Arrays
Ground Plane Co-axial
(series and parallel
Feed
feeds)
Rectangular Microstrip
Antenna on Finite Ground
Microstrip Antenna – VSWR Plot

Bandwidth for
VSWR < 2 is from
1.76 to 1.855 GHz
(95 MHz)
% BW ~ 5%
 Helical Antennas

NORMAL AXIAL CONICAL

MODE MODE MODE

C = πD << λ C = πD = λ C = πD = nλ
Pyramidal and Conical Horn Antennas

Pyramidal Horn Antenna

Microstrip Antenna
Integrated with Conical
Horn Antenna
 Reflector Antennas

Reflector
Antennas: Planar
Corner
Feed Aperture
Parabolic

Higher gain but occupies

large space
 Yagi – Uda Antennas

Fed Dipole Directors

Reflector
Log-Periodic Antenna
Antennas for Various Applications
 MW Radio – Frequency: 530 to 1620 kHz (use
λ/4 monopole antenna)
 Cell Phones – CDMA, GSM900, GSM1800,
3G, 4G, Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (use monopole,
normal mode helical, microstrip antenna, etc.)
 Cell Towers (use monopole, dipole,
microstrip antenna arrays, etc.)
 Satellite and Defense Communications (use
microstrip, horn, spiral, helical, reflector, Yagi-
Uda, log-periodic antennas, etc.)