EWE Lab

Experiment No. 8

Title: To model Dipole antenna using CST.

Name: Siddharth Patel

UID: 2023200089

Software used: CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio suite.

Theory:
What is Dipole Antenna?

A dipole antenna is a type of RF antenna that includes two conductive elements like wires or rods
where the metal wire length is half of the highest wavelength approximately in free space at the
operation of frequency. At the center of the antenna, the conductive materials are separated through an
insulator which is called an antenna section. The dipole antenna diagram is shown below.

Dipole Antenna

The RF voltage source is given to the middle of the antenna then the voltage & current supplying
throughout the two conductive elements generate an electromagnetic or radio signal and this signal is
radiated outside of the antenna. At the center of this antenna, the voltage is minimum and current is
maximum whereas the voltage is maximum & current is minimum at the dipole antenna two ends.

Dipole Antenna Design

A dipole antenna includes two conductive elements like wires and rods or wires where the feeder at
the center & radiating sections of the antenna are on either side. The metal wires’ length is half of the
highest wavelength that is λ/2 within free space at the frequency of operation. The basic dipole
antenna diagram with the center feed point is shown below.
 Dipole Antenna Circuit Diagram

The conductive element in the antenna is split in the middle into two sections through an insulator
which is called an antenna section. These sections are simply connected to a coaxial cable or feeder at
the middle of the antenna.

How does the Dipole Antenna Works?

Once the RF voltage source is applied to the center of the two sections in the antenna then the flow of
voltage & current throughout the two conductive elements can generate an electromagnetic or radio
wave signal to be radiated outside of the antenna.

At the center of this antenna, the voltage is minimum and the current is maximum. In opposition, the
current is minimum & the voltage is maximum at the antenna’s ends. This is the current distribution
of dipole antenna.

The dipole antenna radiation pattern diagram is shown below which is vertical to the axis of the
antenna. The radiation pattern is the graphical depiction of the antenna’s radiation properties. The
antenna’s radiation pattern will describe how the antenna will emit energy into space.

Different Types of Dipole Antenna

Different types of dipole antennas available are used in different applications based on requirements
like a half-wave, multiple half-waves, folded dipole, short dipole, and non-resonant.

Half-wave Dipole Antenna

A type of dipole antenna where the dipole length is half the wavelength at the operating frequency is
called a half-wave dipole antenna. Sometimes, this antenna is also called the Hertz antenna.

Folded Dipole Antenna

The collection of the two-dipole antenna which is simply connected separately to make a thin wire
loop, then it is known as a folded type antenna.

Short Dipole Antenna

A dipole antenna that has a small length as compared to half a wavelength is known as a short dipole
antenna.

FM Dipole Antenna

The FM dipole antenna is very simple to make in different ways with less cost. So these antennas are
the ideal solution in the roof space or attic in an internal FM antenna.

Fan Dipole Antenna

This type of antenna is also called fanned or parallel dipole antenna. It is a multi-band wire antenna,
so that is very simple to design.

Advantages of dipole antenna

The advantages of a dipole antenna include the following.

 The simplicity is the main advantage of this antenna.

 These are extremely efficient once used at the resonant frequency.

 The gap sizes of dipole don’t impact the antenna’s performance.

 These are Omnidirectional while transmitting & receiving signals.

 As compared to telescoping monopole antenna, telescoping dipoles allow you to get a wider
frequency range.

 The radiation pattern of this antenna is donut-shaped by the antenna sitting within the center
of the hole.

 These antennas are simple to design and install in different configurations like sloping,
drooping, inverted V, etc

 Any signal can be received almost without worrying about its direction.

 These antennas can be reduced & resonated with a loading coil. When this coil is arranged in
the center then we can get good results.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of dipole antennae include the following.

 The wavelength is long for very less frequencies to make an antenna

  Folded type antennas are somewhat complicated as compared to monopole antennas, although
they are not complicated like the quad patch or yagi UDA antennas.

 For below 27 MHz frequencies, the antenna’s efficiency will start reducing when the length
of the antenna decreases.

 As compared to a typical antenna, the efficiency of Inverted-V type antennas has reduced.

 The size of indoor antennas is very small as compared to outdoor.

 Outdoor antennas are large, so installing and transporting are very difficult to handle.

Result:

The S11 parameter measures how much power is reflected back to the source from the antenna,
indicating how well the antenna is matched to the transmission line at each frequency. o A low S11
value (ideally below -10 dB) at a specific frequency indicates good matching and minimal reflection,
meaning most of the power is radiated
 The diagram shows the typical toroidal (donut-shaped) radiation pattern of a dipole antenna.  This
pattern indicates that the dipole radiates energy predominantly in directions perpendicular to its
length, with nulls (no radiation) along the axis of the dipole.

The plot shows directivity as a function of the angle θ, in degrees, relative to the antenna's main axis.
The radial scale in dBi (decibels relative to isotropic) indicates how strong the radiation is in each
direction.
The red curve represents the directivity in the far-field at a normalized frequency (f=1f = 1f=1). o This
plot likely shows a directional antenna, as the directivity is not uniformly distributed in all directions.

This 3D plot illustrates the far-field directivity of an antenna, with the radiation pattern displayed in
dB across a spherical surface. The color gradient provides a visual representation of the radiation
intensity, where warmer colors (red to yellow) indicate higher intensity, and cooler colors (green to
blue) indicate lower intensity.
 The S11S {11}S11 parameter represents the reflection coefficient at Port 1. It indicates how much
power is reflected back to the source due to impedance mismatching, with lower S11S_{11}S11
values indicating better matching (and thus less reflection). o In dB: S11S_{11}S11 values in dB are
often used to characterize antennas and circuits; values below -10 dB are typically considered good as
they represent minimal reflection and efficient transmission.

Conclusion:
In this experiment number 8 , in which we had to model a dipole antenna using CST sosftware , I successfully developed it with
frequency response and analysis of S parameter. 3D model of the antenna was also developed and understood its concepts and
radiation patterns and S-parameter.