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1 Duality & Reciprocity Theorem

The document discusses the duality theorem and its application to reciprocity between two antennas. Some key points: - The duality theorem states that if two equations describing different variables have the same mathematical form, their solutions will also be identical, with dual quantities interchangeable between the equations. - The reciprocity theorem can be applied to two antennas separated by a linear medium. It states that the voltage and current measurements between the antennas will be the same regardless of which antenna transmits and which receives. - As a result, the radiation patterns measured for one antenna transmitting are identical to those measured when the roles are reversed due to the reciprocity property. This allows radiation patterns to conveniently be measured in

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Christy Polly
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730 views15 pages

1 Duality & Reciprocity Theorem

The document discusses the duality theorem and its application to reciprocity between two antennas. Some key points: - The duality theorem states that if two equations describing different variables have the same mathematical form, their solutions will also be identical, with dual quantities interchangeable between the equations. - The reciprocity theorem can be applied to two antennas separated by a linear medium. It states that the voltage and current measurements between the antennas will be the same regardless of which antenna transmits and which receives. - As a result, the radiation patterns measured for one antenna transmitting are identical to those measured when the roles are reversed due to the reciprocity property. This allows radiation patterns to conveniently be measured in

Uploaded by

Christy Polly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 10

DUALITY & RECIPROCITY


THEOREM & ITS
APPLICATIONS
DUALITY THEOREM
• When two equations that describe the behavior of two different variables are of the
same mathematical form, their solutions will also be identical.
• The variables in the two equations that occupy identical positions are known as dual
quantities and a solution of one can be formed by a systematic interchange of
symbols to the other.
• This concept is known as the duality theorem.
• The dual equations and their dual quantities are listed, respectively in Tables 3.1 and
3.2 for electric and magnetic sources.
• Duality only serves as a guide to form mathematical solutions.
• It can be used in an abstract manner to explain the motion of magnetic charges
giving rise to magnetic currents, when compared to their dual quantities of moving
electric charges creating electric currents.
• It must, however, be emphasized that this is purely mathematical in nature since it is
Reciprocity for Two Antennas
• There are many applications of the reciprocity theorem.
• To demonstrate its potential, an antenna example will be considered.
• Two antennas, whose input impedances are Z1 and Z2, are separated by a linear and
isotropic (but not necessarily homogeneous) medium, as shown in Figure 3.3.

• One antenna (#1) is used as a transmitter and the other (#2) as a receiver.
• The equivalent network of each antenna is given in Figure 3.4.
• The internal impedance of the generator Z is assumed to be the
g

conjugate of the impedance of antenna #1 (Zg = Z1*= R1 − jX1) while


the load impedance ZL is equal to the conjugate of the impedance of
antenna #2 (ZL = Z2* = R − jX ).
2 2

• These assumptions are made only for convenience.


Reciprocity for Antenna Radiation Patterns
• The radiation pattern is a very important antenna characteristic.
• Although it is usually most convenient and practical to measure the
pattern in the receiving mode, it is identical, because of reciprocity, to
that of the transmitting mode.
• Reciprocity for antenna patterns is general provided the materials used
for the antennas and feeds, and the media of wave propagation are linear.
• Nonlinear devices, such as diodes, can make the antenna system
nonreciprocal.
• The antennas can be of any shape or size, and they do not have to be
matched to their corresponding feed lines or loads provided there is a
distinct single propagating mode at each port.
• The only other restriction for reciprocity to hold is for the antennas in the
transmit and receive modes to be polarization matched, including the sense
of rotation.
• To detail the procedure and foundation of pattern measurements and
reciprocity, let us refer to Figures 3.5(a) and (b).
• The antenna under test is #1 while the probe antenna (#2) is oriented to transmit or receive maximum
radiation.
• The voltages and currents V1, I1 at terminals 1–1 of antenna #1 and V2, I2 at terminals 2–2 of antenna #2
are related by

• Where

• If a current I1 is applied at the terminals 1–1 and voltage V2 (designated as V2oc)is measured at the open
(I = 0) terminals of antenna #2, then an equal voltage V1oc will be measured at the open (I1 = 0)
2
• In equation form, we can write

• If the medium between the two antennas is linear, passive,


isotropic, and the waves monochromatic, then because of
reciprocity

• If in addition I = I , then
1 2
• The above are valid for any position and any configuration of operation between the two
antennas.
• Reciprocity will now be reviewed for two modes of operation.
• In one mode, antenna #1 is held stationary while #2 is allowed to move on the surface of a
constant radius sphere, as shown in Figure 3.5(a).
• In the other mode, antenna #2 is maintained stationary while #1 pivots about a point, as shown
in Figure 3.5(b).
• In the mode of Figure 3.5(a), antenna #1 can be used either as a transmitter or receiver.
• In the transmitting mode, while antenna #2 is moving on the constant radius sphere surface, the
open terminal voltage V2oc is measured.
• In the receiving mode, the open terminal voltage V1oc is recorded.
• The three-dimensional plots of V2oc and V1oc, as a function of θ and φ, have been defined in
Section 2.2 as field patterns.
• Since the three-dimensional graph of V2oc is identical to that of V1oc (due to reciprocity), the
transmitting (V2oc) and receiving (V1oc) field patterns are also equal.
• The same conclusion can be arrived at if antenna #2 is allowed to remain stationary while #1
• The conditions of reciprocity hold whether antenna #1 is used as a transmitter and #2 as a
receiver or antenna #2 as a transmitter and #1 as a receiver.
• In practice, the most convenient mode of operation is that of Figure 3.5(b) with the test
antenna used as a receiver.
• Antenna #2 is usually placed in the far-field of the test antenna (#1), and vice versa, in
order that its radiated fields are plane waves in the vicinity of #1.
• The receiving mode of operation of Figure 3.5(b) for the test antenna is most widely used
to measure antenna patterns because the transmitting equipment is, in most cases, bulky
and heavy while the receiver is small and lightweight.
• In some cases, the receiver is nothing more than a simple diode detector.
• The transmitting equipment usually consists of sources and amplifiers.
• To make precise measurements, especially at microwave frequencies, it is necessary to
have frequency and power stabilities.
• Therefore, the equipment must be placed on stable and vibration-free platforms.
• This can best be accomplished by allowing the transmitting equipment to be held

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