RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
AND DESIGN
RACHEL MARIE C. CORTEZ RN
MSN II-A
Research Data refers to the information obtained from the
respondents of the study. Research data takes on various forms.
It may be intangible as demographic information, like age,
gender, ethnicity and religion or tangible as in physical research
materials like samples of rocks, plants, or insects.
 Types of Research Data
Generally, data may be classified into four main types: observational, experimental, simulation, and derived.

1. Observational Data- data captured through observation of a behavior or activity. It is collected using
methods such as human observation, open-ended surveys, or the use of an instrument or sensor to monitor
and record information.

2. Experimental Data- data collected through active intervention by the researcher to produce and measure
change or to create difference when a variable is altered. Experimental data typically allows the researcher
to determine a causal relationship and is typically projectable to a larger population. (significant relationship,
significant difference)

3. Simulation Data- data gathered by imitating the operation of a real-world process or system over time. This
method is used to try to determine what would, or could,, happen under certain conditions. (scale modeling,
simulation)

4. Derived or Compiled Data- involves using existing data points, often from different data sources, to create
new data through some sort of transformation, such as arithmetic formula or aggregation. (data minig)
 RESEARCH DATA MEASUREMENT SCALES

There are four types of measurement scales;

1. Nominal scale- researchers simply assign numbers to different categories in order to show
differences, for example, a researcher concerned with the variable of gender might group data
into two categories, male and female, and assign number 1 to female and the number 2 to
males
 RESEARCH DATA MEASUREMENT SCALES

There are four types of measurement scales;

2. Ordinal scale- one in which data may be ordered in some way- high to low or least to most,
Example Hot-Hotter-Hottest
Undergraduate-Graduate-Postgraduate-Doctorate
 RESEARCH DATA MEASUREMENT SCALES

There are four types of measurement scales;

3. Interval scale- processes all the characteristics of an ordinal scale with one additional feature:
the distances between the points on the scale are equal, differences between numbers begin to
take on meaning
Example: the difference between 20degrees and 30 degrees is the same as the difference between
50 degrees and 60 degrees
 RESEARCH DATA MEASUREMENT SCALES

There are four types of measurement scales;

4. Ration scale- an interval that does possess an actual, or true, zero point.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DATA

Qualitative data, sometimes referred to as categorical data, is data that can be arranged into categories based on
physical traits, gender, colors or anything that does not have a number associated with it.

Example:
The hair colors of players on a football team
The color of cars in a parking lot
The types of coins in a jar
The shape of candies in a variety pack s.

These are all examples of qualitative data so long as particular number is not assigned to any of these descriptions

Qualitative data is contrasted with qualitative data wherein quantitative data sets have numbers associated with them
that evaluate the quantity of an object or objects with shared features.

KEYWORDS: Qualities, Characteristics

 QUALITATIVE vs QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DATA

• Cats have orange, brown, black, or white fur

Answer: Qualitative
• The boys have brown , black, blonde, and red hair
Answer: Qualitative
• There are 25 boys and 25 girls in the class.
Answer: Quantitative
• The cake was 50 percent chocolate and 50 percent vanilla
Answer: Quantitative
• Most respondents expressed anxiety during the pandemic.
Answer: Qualitative
• Michael is 6 ft tall
Answer: Quantitative
 BASIC COMPARISON QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
MEANING TYPE OF DATA WHICH CAN BE MEASURED DATA IN WHICH THE CLASSIFICATION OF
AND EXPRESSED NUMERICALLY OBJECTS IS BASED ON ATTRIBUTES AND
PROPERTIES
FOCUS FOCUSING ON TESTING THEORIES AND FOCUSES ON EXPLORING AND
HYPOTHESIS EXPLAINING IDEAS AND EXPERIENCES
ANALYSIS ANALYZED THROUGH THE USE OS ANALYZED BY SUMMARIZING,
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (SPEARMAN, CATHEGORIZING AND INTERPRETING
PEARSON, ANNOVA, CHI SQUARE, ECT.) MAINLY EXPRESSED IN WORDS THROUGH
MAINLY EXPRESSED IN NUMBERS, TABLES NARRATIONS
AND GRAPHS
QUESTIONS BEING ASK HOW MANY?, HOW MUCH? WHY
SAMPLE REQUIRES A LARGE NUMBER OF DOES NOT REQUIRES A LARGE NUMBER
RESPONDENTS OF RESPONDENTS
COLLECTION OF DATA USE CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONS USES OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS
Answerable by YES or NO, TRUE or FALSE, Questions that usually requires an
MULTIPLE CHOICE, RATING SCALE(LIKERT) explanation (Explain, Discuss, How, Why,
etc..)

USES CONTROLLED AND MODIFIED FOCUSES ON AN INDIVIDUAL, A

VARIABLES PARTICULAR SET OF PEOPLE (ETHNICITY),
PHENOMENON, EVENT
OUTSOME USES A HYPHOTHESIS, DEVELOPS INITIAL DOES NOT USE HYPHOTHESIS,
UNDERSTANDING RECCOMENDS FINAL COURSE OF ACTION
 RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
and
QUALITATIVE
CAUSAL DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION EXPERIMENTAL
COMPARATIVE

QUASI PHENOMENOLOGICAL
EXPERIMENTAL
HISTORICAL
TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL CASE
STUDY

GROUNDED
THEORY

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE
QUALITATIVE
Descriptive research aims to
QUANTITATIVE
accurately and systematically
describe a population, situation
or phenomenon. It can answer
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL what, where, when, how and why.
COMPARATIVE

PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
This is both applicable to
HISTORICAL
QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE
TRUE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL CASE
STUDY

GROUNDED
THEORY

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL
QUALITATIVE
Correlational research is a type of
QUANTITATIVE
nonexperimental research in
which the researcher measures
two variables and assess the
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL statistical relationship between them
COMPARATIVE
with little or no effort to control
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
extraneous variables.
HISTORICAL
Focuses on: Significant
TRUE Relationship
EXPERIMENTAL CASE
STUDY

GROUNDED
THEORY

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH CAUSAL COMPARATAIVE
QUALITATIVE
Attempts to identify the cause-effect
QUANTITATIVE
relationship between two or more
groups. In causal comparative research,
the researcher investigates the effect of
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL an independent variable on a
COMPARATIVE
dependent variable by comparing two
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
or more groups of individuals.
HISTORICAL
TRUE Unlike correlational research, both
EXPERIMENTAL CASE experimental research and causal
STUDY
comparative research typically compare
GROUNDED
THEORY
two or more groups of subjects.

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL
QUALITATIVE
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
QUANTITATIVE
The prefix quasi means
”resembling”. Thus quasi experimental
research is research that
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL resembles experimental research but
COMPARATIVE
is not true experimental research.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
Although the independent variable is
HISTORICAL
manipulated, participants are
TRUE not randomly assigned to
EXPERIMENTAL CASE conditions or orders of conditions.
STUDY

GROUNDED
THEORY

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL
QUALITATIVE
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
QUANTITATIVE
A true experimental design is
thought to be the most accurate
type of experimental research because
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL of its main characteristic of random
COMPARATIVE
assignment
QUASI PHENOMENOLOGICAL
EXPERIMENTAL
HISTORICAL
TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL CASE
STUDY

GROUNDED
THEORY

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUANTITATIVE
Phenomenological is a form of
qualitative research that focuses
on the study of an individuals lived
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL experiences within the world.
COMPARATIVE
Understanding the ontological
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
(theory of being) and
HISTORICAL
epistemological (theory of
TRUE knowledge) assumptions underpinning
EXPERIMENTAL CASE these approaches is essential for
STUDY
successful conducting
GROUNDED
THEORY
phenomenological research.

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE
HISTORICAL
QUANTITATIVE
Historical research studies the
meaning of the past events in an
attempt to interpret the facts and
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL explain the cause of events, and
COMPARATIVE
their effect in the present events.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
In doing so, researchers rely heavily on
HISTORICAL
primary historical data ( direct
TRUE accounts of events, archival data-
EXPERIMENTAL CASE official documents, personal
STUDY
records, and records of eyewitnesses)
GROUNDED
THEORY
and less frequently on secondary
historical data (information from
ETHNOGRAPHY person who didn’t witness the event;
e.g. textbooks, newspapers,
NARRRATIVE encyclopedias).
 QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE
CASE STUDY
QUANTITATIVE
A case study in an in depth study
of one person , group or event. In
a case study, nearly every aspect
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL of the subject’s life and history is
COMPARATIVE
analyzed to seek patterns and
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
causes of behavior. Case studies
HISTORICAL
can be used in a variety of fields
TRUE including psychology, medicine,
EXPERIMENTAL CASE education, anthropology, political
STUDY
science, and social work.
GROUNDED
THEORY

ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE
GROUNDED THEORY
QUANTITATIVE
Grounded theory is a research
method concerned with the
generation of theory, which is
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL EXPERIMENTAL ‘grounded’ in data that has been
COMPARATIVE
systematically collected and
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL
analyzed. It is used to uncover such
HISTORICAL
things as social relationships and
TRUE behaviors of groups, known as
EXPERIMENTAL CASE social processes. It was developed in
STUDY
California, USA by Glaser and Strauss
GROUNDED
THEORY
during their study –’ Awareness of
Dying’.
ETHNOGRAPHY

NARRRATIVE
 QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Ethnography is a study thought direct
observation of users in their natural
environment rather than in a lab. The
objective of this type of research is to gain
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL
COMPARATIVE
EXPERIMENTAL insights into how users interact with things in
their natural environment.
QUASI PHENOMENOLOGICAL
EXPERIMENTAL
HISTORICAL
Ethnography methods include direct
TRUE observation, diary studies, video recordings,
EXPERIMENTAL CASE
STUDY
photography and artefact analysis such as
devices that a person uses throughout the
GROUNDED
THEORY day. Observations can be made anywhere
from the user’s work place, their home or
ETHNOGRAPHY while they are out with family and friends.
The length of the studies can vary depending
NARRRATIVE
on the research that is being conducted. They
can range from a couple of hours of
observation to studies that last several
months.
 QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH NARRATIVE
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
A literary form of qualitative research,
narrative research is all about
collecting and telling a story or stories
chronologically and in detail.
CAUSAL DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION EXPERIMENTAL
COMPARATIVE
Researchers write narratives about
QUASI PHENOMENOLOGICAL
EXPERIMENTAL
experiences of individuals, describe a life
HISTORICAL
experience, and discuss the meaning of
TRUE the experience, with the individual. Usually a
EXPERIMENTAL CASE
STUDY
narrative search design is focused on
studying an individual person. The
GROUNDED
THEORY researcher becomes the interpreter of the
individual’s stories, as opposed to a
ETHNOGRAPHY community.

NARRRATIVE