Assignment No.

01: PCB 3013 Well Test Analysis

Last date for submission : 26Feb., 2015 Max. Marks-05

 Q.No.1: What do you know about Linear Discontinuities

(Sealing Faults)? Discuss in detail Draw Down behavior
of a well in the vicinity of a fault.

 Q.No.2: State and explain Buildup case and Effect of

Producing time on Pressure Response.

 Q.No.3(a): What are the conditions at which fault may be

detected by conducting well test?
 (b)Differentiate:
 Multiple Fault Systems and Late Transient Analysis
Internal
 PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST
 A drawdown test is run as follows:
1. The well is shut-in for a period of time long
enough to allow the pressure to equalize
throughout the reservoir.
2. The pressure measuring equipment is
lowered into the well.
3. The flow is begun at a constant rate and the
bottom-hole pressure is continuously
measured.

Internal
  The duration of DDT depending upon
objectives & Formation characteristics:
 Few hours or several days

 Extended DDT (Reservoir Limits) are

primarily run to estimate drainage volume of
Well.

Internal
PRESSURE BEHAVOIR OF A SINGLE
WELL IN AN INFINITE RESERVOIR
The dimensionless pressure at the well
(rD=1) is given by Eq

Pr,t   141.2 q i B i PD (r D i , t D )
kh i 1

 1
PD  s 
2
 ln(tD ) 
Internal
0.80907
 in oilfield units:

kh
141.2q  B
P  P  1 ln
i wf
0.0002637kt
ct rw
2

 0.80907  2 s 
2  

solving for Pwf;

162.6qB  k
Pwf  Pi  log  3.23  0.8686  
 ct
2
kh  
r w s

Internal
 It indicates that a plot of bottom-hole pressure
(also known as the sand-face pressure) Pwf
vs. time, t, should yield a straight line with a
slope m

162.6qB
m
kh
The beginning time of the “semi-log straight line” may be
estimated from:

(200,000  12,000  s)C

Internal

tSSL 
kh
 SKIN EFFECT

The damaged zone is called the “skin." The main factors responsible for this damage are:
 Invasion by drilling fluids
 Partial well penetration
 Partial completion (productive interval not entirely perforated)
 Plugging of perforations
 Organic/Inorganic precipitation
 Improper perforation density or limited perforation
 Bacterial growth
 Dispersion of clays
 Presence of a mud cake and of cement
 Presence of a high gas saturation around the wellbore

Internal
 The additional pressure drop due to the skin
effect is:

141.2qB
P  s
kh s  0.87(m)s
or;

141.2qB
 Ps  ln rs  1 4 1 . 2 q  B l n r s
ksh rw kh rw

Ps  1 4 1 . 2 q  B  1  r
1  l n s
h  ks k  w

r
rs

m) 
k  k s 
 Ps  0.87(  ks  rw
Internal
ln
 Semilog plot of a pressure drawdown test indicating
pressure at 1 hr

2000

1900
Deviation from straight line is due
to wellbore storage and skin
1800 P1hr effects
1700
Pwf, ps
i

1600

1500

1400

1300 1 6.62q
m  
1200 B
0.1 1 k 10 100

Internal
h
 If the radius, rs, and the permeability, ks, of the
skin zone are known, the skin factor may be
estimated from

141.2qB
 Ps  kh s  0.87(m)s

rs
 k  k s 
 Ps   0 . 8 7 ( m)  ks  rw
ln

s   k  1  l n r s
 ks  w
Internal

r
  Thus, if:
(1) ks < k, then s > 0; damaged well
(2) ks > k, then s < 0; stimulated well (fracturing or
acidizing)
(3) ks = k, then s = 0; the well is neither damaged nor
stimulated.
Eq.
Hydraulically fractured  kwells often
 r s values of
 1  l nshow S
ranging from s-3   k s  rw to -
5. Itifisk,not
even s,possible
and rw toare
obtain both rs
known. For this, we defineand an
ks
from
“effective (or apparent) wellbore radius”, rw’, such
that:
Pskin  141.2qB ln rw
Internal
kh r' w
 Thus;
rw
s  ln
r' w
where;

or;

r'w 
rw e s

 k  
s  1.1513 P1 h r 
where;  log   
 m
Pi   c r
t w
2
 3.23 
Internal
 FLOW EFFICIENCY (OR PRODUCTIVITY
RATIO, OR COMPLETION FACTOR)

This parameter measures the degree of producing capability for

an undamaged well.

FE  J actual
Ji d e a l (s  0)
where;

q
J actual 
P  Pw f
q
J ideal 
P  Pwf  skin
P
P  Pw f
Internal FE   P skin
P  Pw f
 In presence of steady state or a new well
.
 If FE < 1 = damaged well
 If FE > 1 = stimulated well

Internal
 DAMAGE RATIO AND DAMAGE FACTOR

Both damage ratio and damage factor reflect wellbore

conditions
The damage ratio is defined as the inverse of
flow efficiency and
P  pwf
1
DR  
FE P  pwf  pskin
The damage factor results by subtracting the
flow efficiency from unity.

If DF > 0; damaged well DF  1  F E   P skin

Internal P  Pw f
If DF < 0; improved or stimulated well
 WELLBORE STORAGE
 Wellbore storage or afterflow is the continued
influx from a formation into the wellbore after
the well is shut-in.
 During short-time production, dimensionless
pressure is directly proportional to
dimensionless time:

Pi  P
kh D

wf cD
t
CD  0.89359 C
141.2 c hr
Internal

2
  Parameter C in Eq. is the wellbore storage
coefficient given in bbl/psi, and may be
estimated from completion data.
a) For a completely fluid-filled wellbore (injection
well), i.e. compressive wellbore storage, the
expected value of C is given by:
C  cVw
where c is the compressibility of the fluid in the
wellbore, and Vw is the total wellbore volume in
bbl.
Internal
  For a wellbore with a rising (pumping well)
or falling liquid level, i.e. non-compressive
wellbore storage:
Vu
C
( /144)(g /
gc )
 Thus, wellbore storage and skin
effect determine the time required to
reach the semi-log straight line of a
drawdown plot. This time may be
estimated from:
Internal

tD  (60 
 Substituting Eq. for dimensionless time
0 . 0 0 0 2 6 32 7 k t
  c t rw  ( 6 0  3 . 5 s ) h c h r 2
t w
0.89359

t S S L  3388.66(60  3.5s)  C
kh
or;
 3388.66C  tD
t SSL 
 kh  C D
Internal
  After plugging the dimensionless parameters
tD and CD, it yields:
t S S L  (200000 1 2 0 0 0 s)  C
kh

 This equation is extremely useful in well test

design. Thus, if one log cycle of straight line
is desired, the test should be run for a period
of time T:

T  10tS S L
Internal
 The drawdown stabilization time and the drainage
radius during the test can be determine by:

t s  3 8 0   c t  43560A 
k
k ts
rd  0.029
  ct
The maximum pressure response occurs at tmax
which is defined a  9 4 8   ct r
2

t max k

and for any producing time, tp, the radius of

investigation is given by:
ktp
r i n v  0.0325
  ct
Internal
  The time at which the pseudosteady state period
takes place is given by:
k tp
ri n v  0.0325
  ct
Eq is appropriate for square geometries.

 For any producing time, tp, Eq. can be expressed

as:
948   c r 2
t pss  k
t e

Internal
  For circular systems, the appropriate
relationship is 1190   c r
2
t pss k
t e

 The wellbore storage coefficient may be estimated

from a plot of P vs. time on a log-log graph
paper.
 The slope of such a curve is one during the period
dominated by wellbore storage effect.
 Any point i on this straight line portion may be used to
find C, or:
 qB  ti
C   
 2 4  pi
Internal
  For a drawdown test, the time is simply the
flowing time and P = Pi - Pwf, thus:

 q B   t 
C   2 4  P i  P w f 
 
 C calculated from Eqs. should be
similar
 If they are not, it could be an indicator of
whether the liquid level is falling or rising.
 Other reasons for this difference might
be either high gas-oil ratio at the wellbore
Internal
or highly stimulated well, among others.
 RESERVOIR LIMIT TEST
 This is a drawdown test run long enough for
the purpose of estimating the drainage
volume of the well.
 This test uses the pseudo-steady state
portion of the plot of Pwf vs. flowing time.

Internal
 Region I Region II Region III
, psi
wf
P

  ct r e2   ct re 2
t  t
0.0 0 0k 2 30.0 7 0 k0 8
6
8
Internal
Time, hrs
  Region I in Fig. corresponds to the portion of
the test responsible to analysis by transient
methods.
 Region II in the same plot is referred to late
transient method
 Region III, semi-steady state behavior, is the
reservoir limit test itself which is governed by:
1  A  1  2.2458 
PD  2  t D A  ln  2   ln  
2  rw   CA 
2
Internal
where the area, A, is given in
ft2
 0.0002637kt 2
  t
r
 C A
w
t DA D A

PD 141.2q  B  i
 kh P  P
wf
 s
Substituting

0.23395qB 70.6qB l  A  l 2.2458 
PD   c t  Pi  kh r 2
C   2s
 t   n  w  n  A 
 Ah



Internal
  This equation is of the general form y = mx + b.
 Thus, during pseudo-steady state, a Cartesian plot of Pwf vs.
t should be a straight line.
 The slope and intercept of such a straight line are:

2500

2000
Pin
P wf , psi

1500

1000
Slope= m
500 *

Internal
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
t, hr
 0.23395qB
m *
 
ct Ah

 70.6qB ln A2   ln 2.2458   2s
Pint  Pi kh 
  rw  C A 

 The slope m* in Fig. may be used to calculate the
volume of the reservoir portion being drained by the
test well (drainage volume in ft3):
0.23395qB
Ah  ct m *

The Dietz shape factor, CA, may be estimated from:

 2.303P 1hrPint  
m
m
Internal C A  5.456 * 
 m
e 
  The shape factor is used to determine the reservoir
configuration (circle, rectangle, hexagon, etc.) as
follows:
 From table 1 find a value of CA which corresponds most
closely to the value calculated from Eq.
 Calculate the dimensionless time at start of pseudo-steady
state period
 Compare (tDA)pss obtained from following Eq. with the
“Exact for (tDA)pss > ” column of the table 1. If (tDA)pss 
the value obtained from this column, then the shape
corresponding to the “most closely” value of CA is the most
likely configuration of the system. Mattews, Brons and
Hazebroek first studied shape factors for several drainage
geometries.
Internal
 Table 1. Shape factors for various single-well drainage areas

L e s s t h a n U s e i n f i n i t e s y s t e m
E x a c t f o r 1 % e r r o r s o l u t i o n s w i t h l e s s t h a n
B o u n d e d
C A f o r t D A > f o r t D A > 1 % e r r o r f o r t D A >
r e s e r v o i r s

3 1 . 6 2 0 . 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 1

3 1 . 6 0 . 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 1

2 7 . 6 0 . 2 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 9

2 7 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 9
6 0 °

2 1 . 9 0 . 4 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 8
1 / 3
1

3
4 0 . 0 9 8 0 . 9 0 . 6 0 . 0 1 5

3 0 . 8 8 2 8 0 . 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 9

1 2 . 9 8 5 1 0 . 7 0 . 2 5 0 . 0 3

4 . 5 1 3 2 0 . 6 0 . 3 0 0 . 0 2 5

3 . 3 3 5 1 0 . 7 0 . 2 5 0 . 0 1

1 2 1 . 8 3 6 9 0 . 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 2 5
1

1
1 0 . 8 3 7 4 0 . 4 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 2 5
1

1 4 . 5 1 4 1 1 . 5 0 . 5 0 0 . 0 6
1

1 2 . 0 7 6 9 1 . 7 0 . 5 0 . 0 2
1
Internal
1 3 . 1 5 7 3 0 . 4 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 0 5
 L e s s t h a n U s e i n f i n i t e s y s t e m
E x a c t f o r
C A 1 % e r r o r s o l u t i o n s w i t h l e s s t h
f o r t D A > f o r t D A > 1 % e r r o r f o r t D A >

1 0 . 5 8 1 3 2 . 0 0 . 6 0 . 0 2
2

1 0 . 1 1 0 9 3 . 0 0 . 6 0 . 0 0 5
2

1 5 . 3 7 9 0 . 8 0 . 3 0 . 0 1
4

1 2 . 6 8 9 6 0 . 8 0 . 3 0 . 0 1
4

1 0 . 2 3 1 8 4 . 0 2 . 0 0 . 0 3
4

1 0 . 1 1 5 5 4 . 0 2 . 0 0 . 0 1
4

5
1 2 . 3 6 0 6 1 . 0 2 0 . 4 2 0 . 0 2 5
V e r t i c a l - F r a c t u r e d U s e ( X e / X f ) i n p l a c e o f A / r w
r e s e r v o i r s
f o r f r a c t u r e d r e s e r v o i r s
x f / x e = 0 . 1
1 2 . 6 5 4 1 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 8 C a n n o t u s e
1
x f / x e = 0 . 2
1 2 . 0 3 4 8 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 9 C a n n o t u s e
1

x f / x e = 0 . 3
1 1 . 9 9 8 6 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 9 C a n n o t u s e
1
x f / x e = 0 . 5
1 1 . 6 6 2 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 9 C a n n o t u s e
1
x f / x e = 0 . 7
1
1 . 3 1 2 7 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 9 C a n n o t u s e
1
x f / x e = 1 . 0
1 0 . 7 8 8 7 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 9 C a n n o t u s e
1
W a t e r - D r i v e
r e s e r v o i r s

1 9 . 1 - - - - - -
U n k n o w n D r i v e m e c h a n i s m

Internal
2 5 . 0 - - - - - -