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Pressure Drawdown Test

This document provides instructions for conducting a pressure drawdown well test and analyzing the results. Key points: - A drawdown test involves shutting in the well, then producing it at a constant rate while measuring bottom-hole pressure over time. - The pressure response can be analyzed to determine reservoir properties like permeability and skin factor. A semi-log plot of pressure vs. time should yield a straight line whose slope relates to permeability. - A long-duration reservoir limit test run in the pseudo-steady state portion can be used to estimate the drainage area by analyzing the straight-line relationship between pressure and time.

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2K views33 pages

Pressure Drawdown Test

This document provides instructions for conducting a pressure drawdown well test and analyzing the results. Key points: - A drawdown test involves shutting in the well, then producing it at a constant rate while measuring bottom-hole pressure over time. - The pressure response can be analyzed to determine reservoir properties like permeability and skin factor. A semi-log plot of pressure vs. time should yield a straight line whose slope relates to permeability. - A long-duration reservoir limit test run in the pseudo-steady state portion can be used to estimate the drainage area by analyzing the straight-line relationship between pressure and time.

Uploaded by

Amy Nur Syafiqah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Assignment No.

01: PCB 3013 Well Test Analysis


Last date for submission : 26Feb., 2015

Max. Marks-05

Q.No.1: What do you know about Linear Discontinuities

(Sealing Faults)? Discuss in detail Draw Down behavior


of a well in the vicinity of a fault.
Q.No.2: State and explain Buildup case and Effect of

Producing time on Pressure Response.


Q.No.3(a): What are the conditions at which fault may be

detected by conducting well test?


(b)Differentiate:
Multiple Fault Systems and Late Transient Analysis
Internal

PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST

1.

A drawdown test is run as follows:


The well is shut-in for a period of time long
enough to allow the pressure to equalize
throughout the reservoir.
2. The pressure measuring equipment is
lowered into the well.
3. The flow is begun at a constant rate and the
bottom-hole pressure is continuously
measured.

Internal

The duration of DDT depending upon

objectives & Formation characteristics:


Few hours or several days
Extended DDT (Reservoir Limits) are

primarily run to estimate drainage volume of


Well.

Internal

PRESSURE BEHAVOIR OF A SINGLE


WELL IN AN INFINITE RESERVOIR
The dimensionless pressure at the well
(rD=1) is given by Eq

141.2
Pr , t
kh

q B P
i 1

(rDi , t D )

1
PD s ln(t D ) 0.80907
2
Internal

in oilfield units:

kh
1 0.0002637kt
Pi Pwf ln
0.80907 2s
2
141.2qB
2
ct rw

solving for Pwf;

162.6qB
k
Pwf Pi
3.23 0.8686 s
log
2
kh
ct rw

Internal

It indicates that a plot of bottom-hole pressure

(also known as the sand-face pressure) Pwf vs.


time, t, should yield a straight line with a slope m

162.6qB
m
kh
The beginning time of the semi-log straight line may be estimated from:

Internal

t SSL

(200,000 12,000 s ) C

kh

SKIN EFFECT
The damaged zone is called the skin." The main factors responsible for this damage are:

Internal

Invasion by drilling fluids


Partial well penetration
Partial completion (productive interval not entirely perforated)
Plugging of perforations
Organic/Inorganic precipitation
Improper perforation density or limited perforation
Bacterial growth
Dispersion of clays
Presence of a mud cake and of cement
Presence of a high gas saturation around the wellbore

The additional pressure drop due to the skin


effect is:

141.2qB
Ps
s 0.87(m)s
kh
or;

Ps

r
r
141.2qB
141.2qB
ln s
ln s
ks h
rw
kh
rw
Ps

Ps
Internal

141.2qB
h

1
rs
1

ln
k
k
rw
s

k ks

0.87( m )
ln

ks

rs
rw

Semilog plot of a pressure drawdown test indicating

pressure at 1 hr

2000
1900

Pwf, psi

1800

Deviation from straight line is due to


wellbore storage and skin effects

P1hr

1700
1600
1500
1400

1300

1 6.62q B
k h

1200
0.1

10

t, hr
Internal

100

If the radius, rs, and the permeability, ks, of the skin


zone are known, the skin factor may be estimated
from
Ps

Ps

141.2qB
s 0.87(m) s
kh

k ks

0.87( m )
ln
k
s

rs
rw

rs
s
k 1
ln r
w
s

Internal

Thus, if:

(1) ks < k, then s > 0; damaged well


(2) ks > k, then s < 0; stimulated well (fracturing or acidizing)
(3) ks = k, then s = 0; the well is neither damaged nor stimulated.
Hydraulically fractured wells often show values of S ranging
from -3 to -5. It is not possible to obtain both rs and ks from
Eq.
k

rs
s
k 1
ln r
w
s

even if k, s, and rw are known. For this, we define an


effective (or apparent) wellbore radius, rw, such
that:
Pskin
Internal

141.2qB rw

ln
kh
r 'w

Thus;

rw
s ln
r'w
where;

or;

r ' w rw e

where;

P1hr Pi

k
3.23
s 1.1513
log
2
ct rw
m

Internal

FLOW EFFICIENCY (OR PRODUCTIVITY


RATIO, OR COMPLETION FACTOR)
This parameter measures the degree of producing capability for an
undamaged well.

where;

J actual
FE
J ideal ( s 0)
J actual
J ideal

Internal

FE

q
P Pwf

q
P Pwf Pskin

P Pwf Pskin
P Pwf

In presence of steady state or a new well .

Internal

If FE < 1 = damaged well


If FE > 1 = stimulated well

DAMAGE RATIO AND DAMAGE FACTOR


Both damage ratio and damage factor reflect wellbore
conditions

The damage ratio is defined as the inverse of


flow efficiency and
P pwf
1
DR

FE P pwf pskin
The damage factor results by subtracting the
flow efficiency from unity.

Internal

If DF > 0; damaged well


If DF < 0; improved or stimulated well

Pskin
DF 1 FE
P Pwf

WELLBORE STORAGE
Wellbore storage or afterflow is the continued

influx from a formation into the wellbore after


the well is shut-in.
During short-time production, dimensionless
pressure is directly proportional to
dimensionless time:

tD
kh
Pi Pwf
141.2qB
cD
Internal

0.89359
CD
C
2
ct hrw

Parameter C in Eq. is the wellbore storage

coefficient given in bbl/psi, and may be


estimated from completion data.
a) For a completely fluid-filled wellbore (injection
well), i.e. compressive wellbore storage, the
expected value of C is given by:

C cVw

where c is the compressibility of the fluid in the


wellbore, and Vw is the total wellbore volume in
bbl.
Internal

For a wellbore with a rising (pumping well)

or falling liquid level, i.e. non-compressive


wellbore storage:
Vu
C
( / 144)( g / g c )

Internal

Thus, wellbore storage and skin effect


determine the time required to reach the
semi-log straight line of a drawdown plot.
This time may be estimated from:

t D (60 3.5s)CD

Substituting Eq. for dimensionless time


0.0002637 kt
0.89359
(60 3.5s )
2
ct rw
hct hrw2

t SSL
or;

Internal

3388.66(60 3.5s) C

kh
3388.66C t D
t SSL

kh

CD

After plugging the dimensionless parameters

tD and CD, it yields:


t SSL

(200000 12000 s)
C
kh

This equation is extremely useful in well test

design. Thus, if one log cycle of straight line


is desired, the test should be run for a period
of time T:

T 10t SSL
Internal

The drawdown stabilization time and the drainage


radius during the test can be determine by:
t s 380

ct 43560 A
k

k ts
rd 0.029
ct

The maximum pressure response occurs at tmax


948 ct r 2
which is defined a t

max

Internal

and for any producing time, tp, the radius of


investigation is given by:
k tp
rinv 0.0325
ct

The time at which the pseudosteady state period

takes place is given by:

rinv 0.0325

k tp

ct

Eq is appropriate for square geometries.


For any producing time, tp, Eq. can be expressed as:

t pss
Internal

948 c r

2
t e

For circular systems, the appropriate relationship is

t pss

1190 c r

2
t e

The wellbore storage coefficient may be estimated

from a plot of P vs. time on a log-log graph paper.

The slope of such a curve is one during the period

dominated by wellbore storage effect.


Any point i on this straight line portion may be used to
find C, or:
Internal

qB ti
C

24 pi

For a drawdown test, the time is simply the

flowing time and P = Pi - Pwf, thus:


t
qB
C

24
P i P wf

C calculated from Eqs. should be similar


If they are not, it could be an indicator of

whether the liquid level is falling or rising.


Other reasons for this difference might be
either high gas-oil ratio at the wellbore or
highly stimulated well, among others.
Internal

RESERVOIR LIMIT TEST


This is a drawdown test run long enough for

the purpose of estimating the drainage


volume of the well.
This test uses the pseudo-steady state
portion of the plot of Pwf vs. flowing time.

Internal

Region III

Region II

wf

P , psi

Region I

Internal

c t r e2
0.0

0k

c t re2
t
6 30.0 7 0 k 0

Time, hrs

Region I in Fig. corresponds to the portion of

the test responsible to analysis by transient


methods.
Region II in the same plot is referred to late
transient method
Region III, semi-steady state behavior, is the
reservoir limit test itself which is governed by:
PD 2t DA
Internal

1 A 1 2.2458

ln 2 ln
2 rw 2 C A

where the area, A, is given in ft2

t DA

rw2
0.0002637kt

tD
C A
A

PD

141.2qB
Pi Pwf s
kh

Substituting

0.23395qB
2.2458
70.6qB A
2s
PD
ln 2 ln
t Pi
kh rw
CA
ct Ah

Internal

This equation is of the general form y = mx + b.


Thus, during pseudo-steady state, a Cartesian plot of Pwf vs. t

should be a straight line.


The slope and intercept of such a straight line are:
2500

Pwf, psi

2000

Pint
1500

1000

Slope=m *
500

Internal

0
0

20

40

t, hr

60

80

100

m*

Pint Pi

0.23395qB
ct Ah

2.2458
70.6qB A

ln

ln

2
s

kh rw2
A

The slope m* in Fig. may be used to calculate the

volume of the reservoir portion being drained by the


test well (drainage volume in ft3):
Ah

0.23395qB
ct m*

The Dietz shape factor, CA, may be estimated from:


2.303 P 1hr Pint

Internal

m
C A 5.456 * e
m

Internal

The shape factor is used to determine the reservoir


configuration (circle, rectangle, hexagon, etc.) as follows:
From table 1 find a value of CA which corresponds most
closely to the value calculated from Eq.
Calculate the dimensionless time at start of pseudo-steady
state period
Compare (tDA)pss obtained from following Eq. with the Exact
for (tDA)pss > column of the table 1. If (tDA)pss the value
obtained from this column, then the shape corresponding to
the most closely value of CA is the most likely configuration
of the system. Mattews, Brons and Hazebroek first studied
shape factors for several drainage geometries.

Table 1. Shape factors for various single-well drainage areas


CA

Bounded
reservoirs

Exact for
for tDA >

Less than
1 % error
for tDA >

Use infinite system


solutions with less
1 % error for tDA >

31.62

0.1

0.06

0.1

31.6

0.1

0.06

0.1

27.6

0.2

0.07

0.09

27.1

0.2

0.07

0.09

21.9

0.4

0.12

0.08

0.9

0.6

0.015

60

1/3
1

0.098

30.8828

0.1

0.05

0.09

12.9851

0.7

0.25

0.03

4.5132

0.6

0.30

0.025

3.3351

0.7

0.25

0.01

21.8369

0.3

0.15

0.025

10.8374

0.4

0.15

0.025

4.5141

1.5

0.50

0.06

2.0769

1.7

0.5

0.02

3.1573

0.4

0.15

0.005

Internal

than

Exact
for
for
t DA >

CA

Less
than
1
%
error
for
t DA >

Use
infinite
system
solutions
with
less
1
%
error
for
tDA >

0.5813

2.0

0.6

0.02

0.1109

3.0

0.6

0.005

5.379

0.8

0.3

0.01

2.6896

0.8

0.3

0.01

0.2318

4.0

2.0

0.03

0.1155

4.0

4
1

2.0

0.01

2.3606

1
5
Vertical-Fractured
reservoirs

Use
for

1.0

0.4

2
2
( Xe / X f )
in
place
of
A/rw
fractured
reservoirs

0.025

xf/xe=0.1

2.6541

0.175

0.08

Cannot

use

2.0348

0.175

0.09

Cannot

use

1.9986

0.175

0.09

Cannot

use

1.662

0.175

0.09

Cannot

use

1.3127

0.175

0.09

Cannot

use

0.7887

0.175

0.09

Cannot

use

1
xf/xe=0.2

1
1
xf/xe=0.3

1
1
xf/xe=0.5

1
1
xf/xe=0.7

1
1
xf/xe=1.0

1
1
Water-Drive

reservoirs

19.1
Unknown

Internal

Drive

--

--

--

--

--

--

mechanism

25.0

than

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