EE2003

Circuit Theory
Chapter 6
Capacitors and Inductors

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 Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter 6
6.1 Capacitors
6.2 Series and Parallel Capacitors
6.3 Inductors
6.4 Series and Parallel Inductors

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 6.1 Capacitors (1)
• A capacitor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its electric field.

• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
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 6.1 Capacitors (2)
• Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one
plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
between the two plates, measured in farads (F).

qC v  A
and C
d

• Where  is the permittivity of the dielectric material

between the plates, A is the surface area of each plate,
d is the distance between the plates.
• Unit: F, pF (10–12), nF (10–9), and F (10–6)
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 6.1 Capacitors (3)
• If i is flowing into the +ve
terminal of C
– Charging => i is +ve
– Discharging => i is –ve

• The current-voltage relationship of capacitor

according to above convention is

dv 1 t
iC
dt
and v
C 
t0
i d t  v(t0 )

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 6.1 Capacitors (4)
• The energy, w, stored in
the capacitor is

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w Cv 2

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• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly.

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 6.1 Capacitors (5)
Example 1

The current through a 100-F capacitor is

i(t) = 50 sin(120 t) mA.

Calculate the voltage across it at t =1 ms and

t = 5 ms.

Take v(0) =0.

Answer:
v(1ms) = 93.14mV
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v(5ms) = 1.7361V
 6.1 Capacitors (6)
Example 2

An initially uncharged 1-mF capacitor has the

current shown below across it.

Calculate the voltage across it at t = 2 ms and

t = 5 ms.
Answer:
v(2ms) = 100 mV
v(5ms) = 500 mV

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 6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (1)
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the individual
capacitances.

C eq  C1  C 2  ...  C N

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 6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (2)
• The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected
capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

1 1 1 1
   ... 
C eq C1 C 2 CN

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 6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (3)
Example 3
Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the
terminals of the circuit in the circuit shown below:

Answer:
Ceq = 40F

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 6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (4)
Example 4
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in
the circuit shown below:

Answer:
v1 = 30V
v2 = 30V
v3 = 10V
v4 = 20V

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 6.3 Inductors (1)
• An inductor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its magnetic field.

• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

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 6.3 Inductors (2)
• Inductance is the property whereby an inductor
exhibits opposition to the change of current
flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

di N2  A
vL and L
dt l

• The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10–3)

and H (10–6).
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 6.3 Inductors (3)
• The current-voltage relationship of an inductor:

1 t
i
L t0
v (t ) d t  i (t 0 )

• The power stored by an inductor:

1
w  L i2
2
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0)
and its current cannot change abruptly. 15
 6.3 Inductors (4)
Example 5
The terminal voltage of a 2-H
inductor is
v = 10(1-t) V

Find the current flowing through it at

t = 4 s and the energy stored in it
within 0 < t < 4 s.
Answer:
Assume i(0) = 2 A. i(4s) = -18V
w(4s) = 320J

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 6.3 Inductors (5)
Example 6

Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the

capacitor and inductor in the circuit of circuit shown
below under dc conditions.

Answer:
iL = 3A
vC = 3V
wL = 1.125J
wC = 9J
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 6.4 Series and Parallel
Inductors (1)
• The equivalent inductance of series-connected
inductors is the sum of the individual inductances.

Leq  L1  L2  ...  LN

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 6.4 Series and Parallel
Inductors (2)
• The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
inductances.

1 1 1 1
   ... 
Leq L1 L2 LN

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 6.4 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (3)
Example 7
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the
inductive ladder network in the circuit shown
below:

Answer:
Leq = 25mH
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 6.4 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (4)
• Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C

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