Course Code: IRE 103

Course Title: Electrical Circuits and Devices

Course Teacher: Sadia Enam

Lecturer (EEE),
Dept. of IRE, BDU
Ref. Book: Fundamental of Electrical Circuit: Alexander Sadiku

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 Capacitor and Inductor
Another two new and important passive linear circuit elements: the capacitor
and the inductor

Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and inductors do not

dissipate but store energy, which can be retrieved at a later time. For this
reason, capacitors and inductors are called storage elements.

A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or

dielectric).

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 Capacitor
In many practical applications, the plates may be aluminum foil while the
dielectric may be air, ceramic, paper, or mica.
When a voltage source is connected to the capacitor, as in given figure, the
source deposits a positive charge q on one plate and a negative charge -q on the
other. The capacitor is said to store the electric charge. The amount of charge
stored, represented by q, is directly proportional to the applied voltage v so that
q =Cv

where C, the constant of proportionality, is known

as the capacitance of the capacitor. The unit of
capacitance is the farad (F), in honor of the
English physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867).

Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate

of a capacitor to the voltage difference between
the two plates, measured in farads (F).
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 Capacitor (Contd.)
Although the capacitance C of a capacitor is the ratio of the charge q per plate to the
applied voltage v it does not depend on q or v. It depends on the physical
dimensions of the capacitor. For example, for the parallel-plate capacitor shown in
the figure, the capacitance is given by

ℰ𝐴
𝐶=
𝑑
Where, A= is the surface area of each plate,
d = distance between the plates, and
ℰ =permittivity of the dielectric material between
the plates.

1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the spacing, the greater the
capacitance.
3.The permittivity of the material—the higher the permittivity, the greater the
capacitance. 4
 Capacitor (Contd.)
To obtain the current-voltage relationship of the capacitor, we take the derivative
of both sides of the following Eq. Since
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣
 𝑑 𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 i= 𝐶 𝑑𝑣
𝑑

The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

P=vi=Cv 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 1
Energy stored in capacitor, w= 𝐶𝑣 2
2

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 Capacitor (Contd.)
Important properties of a capacitor:

1. when the voltage across a capacitor is not changing with time (i.e., dc voltage),
the current through the capacitor is zero. Thus, A capacitor is an open circuit in
DC.
2. The voltage on the capacitor must be continuous.
3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the circuit
when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when
delivering power to the circuit.
4. A real, nonideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage resistance, as shown in
the given figure. The leakage resistance may be as high as 100MΩ and can be
neglected for most practical applications. For this reason, we will assume ideal
capacitors in this book

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 Capacitor (Contd.)
Q. The voltage across a capacitor is 5 μF is 𝑣 = 10 𝐶𝑜𝑠6000𝑡 𝑉. Calculate the current
through it.
 i= 𝐶 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡

Q. Determine the current through a 200 μF capacitor whose voltage is shown in below figure.

Thus the current waveform is as shown in the second picture. 7

 Capacitor (Contd.)
Q. Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in given Fig. under dc conditions.

The current through the series combination of the 2 kΩ and 4 kΩ resistors is obtained by
current division as

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Series and Parallel Capacitor

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 Capacitor (Contd.)
Q. Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b of the circuit in
given Fig.

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 Inductor
Inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

Typical form of an inductor.

If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that the voltage across the
inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the current.
𝑑𝐼
𝑉=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
where L is the constant of proportionality called the inductance of the inductor. The unit of
inductance is the henry (H)
The inductance of an inductor depends on its physical dimension and construction.
𝑁2μ𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙
where N is the number of turns, l is the length, A is the cross-sectional area, and μ is the
permeability of the core. 11
 Inductor (Contd.)
The power delivered to the inductor is
𝑃 = 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑖
⇒𝑃=𝐿 ∗𝑖
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 1
Energy stored in the inductor is_ w = ‫ = 𝑡𝑑 𝑡𝑑 𝑖𝐿 ׬ = 𝑡𝑑𝑃 ׬‬2 𝐿𝑖 2

Important properties of a inductor:

1. The voltage across an inductor is zero when the current is constant. The inductor acts as a
short circuit.
2. The inductor takes power from the circuit when storing energy and delivers power to the
circuit when returning previously stored energy.
3. A practical, nonideal inductor has a significant resistive component. This is due to the fact
that the inductor is made of a conducting material such as copper, which has some
resistance. This resistance is called the winding resistance, 𝑅𝑤 , and it appears in series
with the inductance of the inductor. The presence of 𝑅𝑤 makes it both an energy storage
device and an energy dissipation device. Since is usually very small, it is ignored in most
cases.

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 Inductor (Contd.)
Q. Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is
30𝑡2, 𝑡>0
𝑣 𝑡 =ቊ
0, 𝑡<0
Also, find the energy stored at t=5s, Assume i(t)>0

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 Inductor (Contd.)
Q. Consider the circuit in following Fig. Under dc conditions, find: (a) i, 𝑣𝑐and 𝑖𝐿 (b) the energy
stored in the capacitor and inductor.

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Series Parallel Inductors

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 Series Parallel Inductors (Contd.)
Q. For the circuit in the given figure 𝑖 𝑡 = 4 2 − 𝑒−10𝑡 𝑚𝐴. If 𝑖2 0 = −1 𝑚𝐴, Find (a)
𝑖1 0 , (b) v(t), 𝑣1 𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 𝑡 , (c) 𝑖1 𝑡 and 𝑖2 𝑡 .

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Thank You

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