Week7-Lec1

IP layer Fundamentals
Network layer: our goals
 Principles:
• network layer service models
• forwarding versus routing
• how a router works
• addressing
• generalized forwarding
• IP protocol
• NAT
Network layer: “data plane” roadmap
• Network layer: overview
• data plane
• control plane

 What’s inside a router

• input ports, switching, output ports
• buffer management, scheduling
 IP: the Internet Protocol
• datagram format
• addressing
• network address translation
Network-layer services and protocols
 transport segment from sending to mobile network

receiving host national or global ISP

• sender: encapsulates segments into

datagrams, passes to link layer application
transport

• receiver: delivers segments to transport network

link

layer protocol physical

network
link
network
link

 network layer protocols in every

physical physical

Internet device: hosts, routers network

link network
link
physical

 routers:
physical network
link datacenter
physical network

• examines header fields in all IP

datagrams passing through it application
transport
network
• moves datagrams from input ports to enterprise
network
link
physical

output ports to transfer datagrams

along end-end path
Network service model
Q: What service model for “channel” transporting datagrams
from sender to receiver?
example services for example services for a flow of
individual datagrams: datagrams:
 guaranteed delivery • in-order datagram delivery
 guaranteed delivery with less • guaranteed minimum bandwidth to
than 40 msec delay flow
• restrictions on changes in inter-
packet spacing
 Network-layer service model
Quality of Service (QoS) Guarantees ?
Network Service
Architecture Model Bandwidth Loss Order Timing

Internet best effort none no no no

ATM Constant Bit Rate Constant rate yes yes yes

Internet “best effort” service model
ATM Available Bit Rate
No guarantees on: Guaranteed min no yes no

Internet i. successful
Intserv Guaranteed datagram
yes deliveryyes
to destination
yes yes
(RFC 1633)
ii. timing or order of delivery
Internet Diffserv (RFC 2475)
iii.bandwidth available
possibleto end-end flow possibly
possibly no
 Network-layer service model
Quality of Service (QoS) Guarantees ?
Network Service
Architecture Model Bandwidth Loss Order Timing

Internet best effort none no no no

ATM Constant Bit Rate Constant rate yes yes yes

ATM Available Bit Rate Guaranteed min no yes no

Network layer: data plane, control plane
Data plane: Control plane
 local, per-router function • network-wide logic
 determines how datagram • determines how datagram is routed
arriving on router input port among routers along end-end path
is forwarded to router output from source host to destination host
port
values in arriving  two control-plane approaches:
packet header
• traditional routing algorithms:
0111 1 implemented in routers
2
3 • software-defined networking (SDN):
implemented in (remote) servers
Router interfaces
223.1.1.1

Q: how are interfaces 223.1.2.1

actually connected? 223.1.1.2

223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
A: wired
Ethernet interfaces
connected by 223.1.1.3
223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2
Ethernet switches

223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2

For now: don’t need to worry

about how one interface is
connected to another (with no
intervening router) A: wireless WiFi interfaces
connected by WiFi base station
Per-router control plane
Individual routing algorithm components in each and every
router interact in the control plane

Routing
Algorithm
control
plane

data
plane

values in arriving
packet header
0111 1
2
3
Two key network-layer functions
network-layer functions:
• forwarding: move packets from a
router’s input link to appropriate
router output link
 routing: determine route taken
by packets from source to
destination
• routing algorithms
Destination-based forwarding
Longest prefix matching
longest prefix match
when looking for forwarding table entry for given
destination address, use longest address prefix that matches
destination address.

Destination Address Range Link interface

11001000 00010111 00010 *** ******** 0
11001000 00010111 00011000 ******** 1
11001000 00010111 00011 *** ******** 2
otherwise 3

11001000 00010111 00010110 10100001 which interface?

examples:
11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010 which interface?
Longest prefix matching

Destination Address Range Link interface

11001000 00010111 00010*** ******** 0
11001000 00010111 00011000 ******** 1
11001000 match!
00010111 00011*** ******** 2
otherwise 3

11001000 00010111 00010110 10100001 which interface?

examples:
11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010 which interface?
Longest prefix matching

Destination Address Range Link interface

11001000 00010111 00010*** ******** 0
11001000 00010111 00011000 ******** 1
11001000 00010111 00011*** ******** 2
otherwise 3
match!
11001000 00010111 00010110 10100001 which interface?
examples:
11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010 which interface?
Longest prefix matching

Destination Address Range Link interface

11001000 00010111 00010*** ******** 0
11001000 00010111 00011000 ******** 1
11001000 00010111 00011*** ******** 2
otherwise 3
match!
11001000 00010111 00010110 10100001 which interface?
examples:
11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010 which interface?
Longest prefix matching
• longest prefix matching: often performed using ternary
content addressable memories (TCAMs)
• content addressable: present address to TCAM: retrieve address in
one clock cycle, regardless of table size
• Cisco Catalyst: ~1M routing table entries in TCAM