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Physiology 8

This document provides information about the physiology of smooth muscle contraction and regulation. It discusses the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle including actin, myosin and calcium ions. It also describes excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle and the differences compared to skeletal muscle contraction. The document outlines the sources of calcium ions, relaxation processes, and various regulators of smooth muscle contraction including nerves, hormones and local chemicals.

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shabir popal
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21 views13 pages

Physiology 8

This document provides information about the physiology of smooth muscle contraction and regulation. It discusses the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle including actin, myosin and calcium ions. It also describes excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle and the differences compared to skeletal muscle contraction. The document outlines the sources of calcium ions, relaxation processes, and various regulators of smooth muscle contraction including nerves, hormones and local chemicals.

Uploaded by

shabir popal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

Guyton & Hall text book of Medical Physiology 13th edition

NESAR A. ZAHIER, MD, PGD


Lecturer KUMS

1
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

‫‪2‬‬
EXCITATION & CONTRACTION -8
OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLES

 Multi unit
 Control by nerve signals mostly
 Layer of basement membrane
(collage + glycoprotein)
 Ciliary, iris muscle, piloerecter
 Single unit (unitary)
 Syncytial or visceral (gap junction)
 Non nervous signals mostly
 Found in Viscera
CONTRACTILE MECHANISM
 Actin + myosin (no troponin complex)
 Extracellular Ca++
 Less ATP
Physical Basis for Smooth Muscle Contraction
 No striated arrangements  actin connected to
dense bodies = Z lines
 Sidepolars can pull actin in one direction and
other in opposite direction  to contract upto
80% its length (skeletal <30%)
…Continued
 Comparison of Smooth Muscle Contraction and Skeletal
Muscle Contraction  prolonged tonic contractions
1. Slow cycling of cross-bridges because of less ATPase activity 1/10-
1/300
2. Low energy requirement  1/10 -1/300 energy is required
3. Slowness of onset of contraction & relaxation  slow response to
Ca++
4. Max force of contraction is greater  prolonged attachment of
the myosin cross-bridges to actin = 4-6kg/cm2
5. Stress relation in hollow organs  despite increasing stress,
pressure became normal in less than 1 min.
Contraction Of Smooth
Muscle
Ca
 Excitation + contraction coupling
 Calmodulin
No troponins  Calmodulin
 Calcium Ions Combine with
Calmodulin to Cause Activation of
Myosin Kinase (MLCK) and
Phosphorylation of the Myosin
Head  PULLING OF ACTIN
 Source of Ca ions that cause
contraction
 SR is slightly developed
 Mostly dependent on extracellular
Ca
Relaxation of smooth muscle
1. Calcium pump  ECF & SR
2. Myosin phosphatase  cessation of
contraction
 Latch phenomenon = more myosin
kinase & myosin phosphatase
activated  velocity of
contraction more  when enzymes
inactivated  number of heads
attached to actin determine static
force, tension is maintained or
Latched without ATP  tone
maintained
Regulation of CONTRACTION
 Nervous signals
 Hormonal stimulation
 Stretch
 Local chemicals

1. Neuromuscular junctions of smooth muscle


 Autonomic system  branch diffusely on
top sheet of muscle fibers 
neuromuscular receptor  gap junctions
 Excitatory and Inhibitory Transmitter
Substances Secreted at the Smooth Muscle
Neuromuscular Junction  excitatory &
inhibitory receptors for acetylcholine &
norepinephrine
ACTION POTENTIALS
 Membrane potential in smooth muscle -50 -60 /
30mV less than skeletal muscle
 Action potential dependent on Ca++

A. Action potential unitary muscles


1. Spike potential (10-50msec)
2. Action potential with plateaus (1000msec) 
ureter
3. Spontaneous generation of action potential  -
60 to -35 mV spontaneously then rapid stroke 
pacemaker waves  gut
…Continued
B. Action potential of multi-unit
smooth muscle
 No action potential
 Very small muscles  ciliary, iris
muscles and piloerector muscles
 Mainly response to nerve stimuli 
acetylcholine & norepinephrine 
depolarization of membrane 
contraction without generating
action potential
Other regulators

 Effect of Local Tissue Factors and Hormones


Local tissue chemical factors  O2, CO2 and H+ …
 vasodilation
 Various hormones  norepinephrine,
epinephrine, acetylcholine, angiotensin II….
THANKS

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