Comfort

Systems &
Controls
All heating, ventilation, air conditioning equipment and systems, and their controls shall comply with the mandatory
provisions of §5.2 and the prescriptive criteria of §5.3 for the respective building energy efficiency level. All service
water heating equipment and systems shall comply with the mandatory provisions of §5.2.
Ventilation
• (a) All habitable spaces shall be ventilated with outdoor air in accordance with the
requirements of §5.2.1 and guidelines specified in the National Building Code 2016
(Part 8: Building Services, Section 1: Lighting and Natural Ventilation, Subsection 5:
Ventilation).
• (b) Ventilated spaces shall be provided with outdoor air using one of the following: Natural cooling system
• i. Natural ventilation
• ii. Mechanical ventilation
• iii. Mixed mode ventilation
• Natural Ventilation Design Requirements
• Naturally ventilated buildings or spaces in a mixed-mode ventilated buildings shall:
• (a) Comply with guidelines provided for natural ventilation in NBC.
• (b) Have minimum BEE 3-star rated ceiling fans, if provided with ceiling fans.
• (c) Have exhaust fans complying with minimum efficiency requirements of fans in Mechanical ventilation
§5.3, if provided.
• Mechanical Ventilation Air Quantity Design Requirements
• Buildings that are ventilated using a mechanical ventilation system or spaces in mixed-
mode ventilated buildings that are ventilated with a mechanical system, either
completely or in conjunction with natural ventilation systems, shall:
• (a) Install mechanical systems that provide outdoor air change rate as per NBC.
• (b) Have a ventilation system controlled by CO sensors for basement carpark spaces
with total car park space greater than or equal to 600 m2. Mixed mode ventilation
Design Guidelines for Natural Ventilation (By Wind Action)
Building need not necessarily be oriented perpendicular to the Inlet openings in the buildings should be well distributed
prevailing outdoor wind; it may be oriented at any convenient and should be located on the windward side at a low level,
angle between 0° and 30° without losing any beneficial aspect and outlet openings should be located on the leeward
of the breeze side. Inlet and outlet openings at high levels may only
clear the top air at that level without producing air
movement at the level of occupancy.

Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved by keeping the

sill height of the opening at 8 critical height (such as head level) for the
following recommended levels of occupancy:
For sitting on chair 0.75 m
For sitting on bed 0.60 m
For sitting on floor 0.40 m
Whole Building Design Approach

1. Reduce cooling loads by controlling unwanted heat gains

2. Expand the comfort envelope (reduced latent heat load, air movement ceiling fans, less insulated
furniture, more casual dress codes)

3. Optimize the delivery systems (reducing velocity, pressure and friction in ducts and piping)

4. Apply non-refrigerative cooling techniques

5. Serve the remaining load with high-efficiency refrigerative cooling

6. Improve controls (sensors, signal delivery, user interface, simulators, etc

Demand Control Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation Systems Demand Control

• Provide outdoor air over 1,500 liters per second.
• Serve spaces over 50m2, with occupant density over 40 people per 100m2.
• Serve by one or more systems. (a) An air side economizer
(a) An air side economizer
(b) Automatic outdoor modulating control of the outdoor air damper

Following shall be exempt from installing demand control ventilation systems:

(a) Classrooms in Schools, call centers category under Business

(b) Spaces that have processes or operations that generate dust, fumes, mists,
vapors, or gases and are provided with exhaust ventilation, such as indoor
operation of internal combustion engines or areas designated for unvented food
service preparation, or beauty salons
(c) Systems with exhaust air energy recovering system

(a) Automatic outdoor modulating control of the outdoor air damper

Minimum Space Conditioning Equipment Efficiencies
Chiller Efficiency Requirements

• Chillers must meet or exceed ANSI/AHRI 550/ 590 efficiency requirements.

• Air-cooled chillers allowed in buildings with cooling load less than 530 kW.
• For buildings with cooling load equal to or greater than 530 kW, chiller number restricted to 33% of
total installed
chilled water capacity.
• BEE Standards and Labeling Program's minimum efficiency requirements preceded.
• Compliance with ECBC requires meeting both COP and IPLV requirements of ECBC Building.
• Compliance with ECBC+ Building and SuperECBC Building requires meeting either COP or IPLV of
respective efficiency level.
Unitary, Split, Packaged Air-Conditioners
Unitary Air-Conditioner Efficiency Requirements
• Meet or exceed efficiency requirements in Tables 5-3-5.
• Window and split air conditioners certified under BEE's Star Labeling Program.
• EER as per IS 8148 for units over 10 kWr.
Variable Refrigerant Flow

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems Efficiency

• Meet or exceed ANSI/AHRI Standard 1230 efficiency requirements.
• Indian VRF Standard development underway.
• Prioritize BEE Standards and Labeling requirements over current minimum requirement.
 Air Conditioning and Condensing Units Serving
Computer Rooms
• Air conditioning and condensing units serving computer rooms shall meet or exceed the
energy efficiency requirements listed in Table 5-7 .
CONTROLS

• Timeclock • Temperature Controls

• Mechanical cooling and heating systems in • All buildings must have mechanical heating and cooling
Universities, Training Institutions, and Shopping equipment with temperature management controls,
installed on each floor or building block, to meet specific
Complexes with a built-up area over 20,000 m2 requirements for temperature control within conditioned
must be controlled by timeclocks. zones.
• (a) Can start and stop the system under different • Unit Controls for Heating and Cooling
schedules for three different day types per week, • Provide a temperature dead band of 3.0°C for shutting
• (b) Are capable of retaining programming and time off or reducing heating and cooling energy.
• Interlock temperature controls for separate equipment
setting during loss of power for a period of at least
serving same temperature zone.
10 hours
• (c) Separate thermostat control shall be installed in each
• (c) Include an accessible manual override that
• i. guest room of Resort and Star Hotel,
allows temporary operation of the system for up to
2 hours. • ii. room less than 30 m2 in Business
• iii. air-conditioned class room, lecture room, and
• Exceptions
computer room of Educational,
• (a) Cooling systems less than 17.5 kWr • iv. in-patient and out-patient room of Healthcare
• (b) Heating systems less than 5.0 kWr
• (c) Unitary systems of all capacities
 CONTROLS

• Occupancy Controls • Fan Controls

• Occupancy controls shall be installed to de- • Cooling towers in buildings with built up area
energize or to throttle to minimum the ventilation greater than 20,000 m2, shall have fan
and/or air conditioning systems when there are no controls based on wet bulb logic, with either:
occupants in:
• (a) Two speed motors, pony motors, or
• (a) Each guest room in a Resort and Star Hotel variable speed drives controlling the fans, or
• (b) Each public toilet in a Star Hotel or Business • (b) Controls capable of reducing the fan speed
with built up area more than 20,000 m2 to at least two third of installed fan power
• (c) Each conference and meeting room in a Star
Hotel or Business
• (d) Each room of size more than 30 m2 in
Educational buildings
 CONTROLS
• Dampers
• All air supply and exhaust equipment, having a
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), shall have
dampers that automatically close upon:
• Fan shutdown or when spaces are not in use.
• Backdraft gravity dampers acceptable in systems
with outdoor air less than 150 liters per second.
• Dampers not required in ventilation or exhaust
systems serving naturally conditioned spaces.
• Dampers not required in exhaust systems
serving kitchen exhaust hoods.
Additional Controls for ECBC+ and SuperECBC Buildings
Centralized Demand Shed Controls
• ECBC+ and SuperECBC Buildings with a built area over 20,000 m2 must have a building management system, and all
mechanical cooling and heating systems with programmable logic controllers must have control capabilities to manage
centralized demand in noncritical zones.
• (a) Automatic demand shed controls that can implement a centralized demand shed in non-critical zones during the
demand response period on a demand response signal.
• (b) Controls that can remotely decrease or increase the operating temperature set points by four degrees or more in all
noncritical zones on signal from a centralized control point.
• (c) Controls that can provide an adjustable rate of change for the temperature setup and reset
• The centralized demand shed controls shall have additional capabilities to
• (a) Be disabled by facility operators
• (b) Be manually controlled from a central point by facility operators to manage heating and cooling set points
• Supply Air Temperature Reset • Chilled Water Temperature
• The mechanical cooling and heating systems in ECBC+ Reset
and SuperECBC Buildings must have controls that • Chilled Water Systems in ECBC+ and SuperECBC
automatically adjust the supply-air temperature Buildings
based on building loads or outdoor air temperature, • Design capacity exceeding 350 kWr.
ensuring the supply air temperature is at least 25% of • Controls reset supply water temperatures by
the difference. building loads or outdoor air temperature.
• Exceptions • Exceptions
• ECBC+ and SuperECBC Buildings in warm humid • Automatic controls to reset chilled water temperature
climate zone. should not be used if the supply temperature reset
controls cause equipment improper operation.
Additional Controls for SuperECBC
Buildings
• Variable Air Volume Fan Control
• Fans in Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems in SuperECBC Buildings shall have controls or devices that will result in fan
motor demand of no more than 30% of their design wattage at 50% of design airflow based on manufacturer’s certified fan
data
Piping and Ductwork
• Piping Insulation
• Piping for heating, space conditioning, and service hot
water systems must meet insulation requirements
from Tables 5-8 through 5-10, with weather-exposed
insulation protected by aluminum sheet metal, canvas,
or plastic cover, and cellular foam insulation protected
or painted with water-repellent paint.
• Exceptions
• Insulation R Value Reduction and Increase
• • Pipes in conditioned spaces or buried partitions
must have a minimum insulation level of R-0.4.
• • Pipes outside buildings with direct weather exposure
must have an additional 0.2 insulation R value.
• Temperate Climate Zone Building Insulation Reduction
• • Reduce insulation R value by 0.2.
• • Allow minimum R-0.4 insulation level.
 Ductwork and Plenum
Insulation
Piping and Ductwork
System Balancing
Condensers
• General Condenser Locations :-
• System balancing shall be done for systems serving zones Condensers shall be located such that the heat sink is free
with a total conditioned area of interference from heat discharge by devices located in
• exceeding 500 m2. adjoining spaces, and do not interfere with other such
• Air System Balancing systems installed nearby.
• Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to first
minimize throttling losses; then, for fans
• with fan system power greater than 0.75 kW, fan speed
shall be adjusted to meet design
• flow conditions.
• Hydronic System Balancing
• Hydronic systems shall be proportionately balanced in a
manner to first minimize throttling
• losses; then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or
pump speed shall be adjusted to meet
• design flow conditions.
 • Heating Equipment Efficiency

Service Water Heating • Service water heating equipment shall meet or

exceed the performance and minimum
efficiency requirements presented in available
Indian Standards
• Solar Water Heating • (a) Solar water heater shall meet the
• Hotels and hospitals in all climatic zones and cold performance/ minimum efficiency level
climate buildings with hot water systems must install mentioned in IS 13129 Part (1&2)
solar water heating equipment to comply with the
Code. • (b) Gas Instantaneous water heaters shall meet
the performance/minimum efficiency level
• Hot Water Design Capacity Guidelines
• 20% for buildings under 20,000 m2. mentioned in IS 15558 with above 80% Fuel
• 40% for buildings above 20,000 m2. utilization efficiency.
• Hotels and hospitals in all climatic zones and cold • (c) Electric water heater shall meet the
climate zones with hot water systems must install performance/ minimum efficiency level
solar water heating equipment to provide at least mentioned in IS 2082.
40% and 60% of the total hot water design capacity.
• Exception
• Systems that use heat recovery to provide the hot
water capacity required as per the efficiency level or
building size
Other Water Heating System
• Supplementary heating system shall be designed to maximize the energy efficiency of the system and shall incorporate
the following design features in cascade:
• (a) Maximum heat recovery from hot discharge system like condensers of air conditioning units,
• (b) Use of gas fired heaters wherever gas is available, and
• (c) Electric heater as last resort.
Piping Insulation
• Piping insulation shall comply with § 5.2.6.1. The entire hot water system including the storage tanks, pipelines shall be
insulated conforming to the relevant IS standards on materials and applications.
Heat Traps
• Vertical pipe risers serving storage water heaters and storage tanks not having integral heat traps and serving a non-
recirculating system shall have heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping.
Swimming Pools
• All heated pools shall be provided with a vapor retardant pool cover on or at the water surface. Pools heated to more
than 32°C shall have a pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R-4.1.
Exception
• Pools deriving over 60% of their energy from site-recovered energy or solar energy source.
Prescriptive Requirements
• This section requires compliance with
prescriptive requirements for supply,
exhaust, and return fans with motor power
exceeding 0.37 kW to meet or exceed
minimum energy efficiency requirements,
except for certain exceptions.
• (a) Fans in un-ducted air conditioning unit
where fan efficiency has already been
taken in account to calculate the efficiency
standard of the comfort system.
• (b) Fans in Health Care buildings having
HEPA filters.
• (c) Fans inbuilt in energy recovery systems
that pre-conditions the outdoor air.
Pumps
• Chilled and condenser water pumps must meet minimum energy efficiency requirements in Tables 5-15-17, while district
chiller systems and space heating hot water pumps require individual pump equipment efficiency. Compliance is
demonstrated by calculating total installed pump capacity in kilowatts.
 Cooling Towers
• Cooling towers shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements specified in Table 5-18. ECBC+ and SuperECBC
Buildings shall have additional VFD installed in the cooling towers.
Economizers
• Economizer for ECBC, ECBC+, and SuperECBC Building
• Building Cooling Fan System Requirements

• Air economizer modulating outside-air and return-air dampers.

• Water economizer providing 50% of expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures below
10°C dry-bulb/7.2°C wet-bulb.

• Exception
• (a) Projects in warm-humid climate zones are exempt.
• (b) Projects with only daytime occupancy in the hot-dry are exempt.
• (c) Individual ceiling mounted fan systems is less than 3,200 liters per second exempt.
• Partial Cooling
• Where required by §5.3.3.1 economizers shall be capable • Testing
of providing partial cooling even when additional
mechanical cooling is required to meet the cooling load. • Air-side economizers shall be tested in the field
following the requirements in §12 Appendix C to
ensure proper operation.
• Economizer Controls • Exception
• Air economizer shall be equipped with controls • Air economizers installed by the HVAC system
• (a) That allow dampers to be sequenced with the equipment manufacturer and certified to the building
mechanical cooling equipment and not be controlled by department as being factory calibrated and tested per
only mixed air temperature. the procedures in §12
• (b) capable of automatically reducing outdoor air intake
to the design minimum outdoor air quantity when
outdoor air intake will no longer reduce cooling energy
usage.
• (c) Capable of high-limit shutoff at 24 °C dry bulb
temperature.
Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
• Variable Fluid Flow • Boilers
• HVAC Pumping Systems Design • Gas and oil fired boilers shall meet or exceed the
• Over 7.5 kW total pump system power. minimum efficiency requirements specified in Table
• Design for variable fluid flow.
• Can reduce pump flow rates to lesser or equal to limit. •
• Limit set by 50% of design flow rate or minimum flow
required by equipment manufacturer.
• Isolation Valves
• Water Cooled Air-Conditioning Units
• Must have two-way automatic isolation valves.
• Interlocked with compressor to shut off condenser water
flow.
• Must have circulation pump motor greater than 3.7 kW.
 Total System Efficiency – Alternate
Compliance Approach
Buildings can demonstrate compliance by optimizing total system efficiency for
the plant side comfort system, instead of individual equipment. This alternate
approach applies to central chilled water plant side systems in all building types.
Equipment included in this approach include chillers, pumps, condenser water
pumps, and cooling tower fans. Compliance checks will be based on annual
• Energy Recovery in Hospitality hourly simulations.
and Healthcare
• All systems with capacity over 2,100 liters per
second and 70% outdoor air supply must have air-to-
air heat recovery equipment.
• At least 50% heat from diesel and gas fired
generators must be recovered in buildings over
20,000 m2.
Low-energy Comfort Systems
• Low energy HVAC systems can replace or complement refrigerant-based cooling systems, meeting minimum efficiency levels of
§5.2.2, while complying with other mandatory provisions of §5.2. The approved list of low energy comfort systems is available.
• (a) Evaporative cooling
• (b) Desiccant cooling system
• (c) Solar air conditioning
• (d) Tri-generation (waste-to-heat)
• (e) Radiant cooling system
• (f) Ground source heat pump
• (g) Adiabatic cooling system

Radiant cooling system Adiabatic cooling system

• Buildings with an approved low-energy comfort system installed for more than 50% of their cooling and heating requirements are
considered equivalent to the ECBC+ building standard, while those with an approved system installed for more than 90% are
considered equivalent.
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