ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 3.

System C: natural air supply and mechanical air exhaust: - The

mechanical air exhaust system creates an under- pressure in the building,
through which this system is also, like system B, less dependent to weather
Earthing/Electrical System
conditions than completely natural ventilation.

MEP - In the construction world, MEP stands for "mechanical, electrical and ●System earthling network to be provided at each locations
4.System D: mechanical air exhaust and mechanical air supply (balanced
plumbing." MEP engineering is the science and art of planning, designing
ventilation). - In this system, the supply air and the exhaust air are
and managing the MEP systems of a building.
●Body earthling for central equipment transported mechanically. In comparison with the other three systems the
advantages of balanced ventilation are the possibility of extracting heat
MEP systems: from the exhaust air and use it to preheat the fresh air supply (heat
● NEC/BS codes must be followed
recovery).
MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) covers the whole range of building
●Security CCTV electronic access to various areas to be provided
services. Building services are the systems, installed in buildings that make
them comfortable, functional, efficient, and safe. MEP systems are generally
not part of the constructional elements of a building, but do interfere with ●Parking management system
Air Handling Units (AHU):
the building envelope. Also, MEP components like piping and ducts can be
integrated in (prefab) building elements
●Circulation, filtration, heating, cooling, heat recovery, humidifying,
dehumidifying and mixing of air.
MEP systems with a relation to indoor environment and energy usage.
These systems are:
Fans:
MEP System:
●Heating & cooling (with heat pump);
●A fan is a rotary bladed machine, used to maintain a continuous flow of
●Common requirements of high rise and low rise buildings
air. The fan is the heart of the air handling unit and a significant energy user
●Mechanical ventilation (with heat recovery); in a building.
● Environment
●Solar hot water; Filters:
●Power & Communication Network
●LED lighting ●All ventilation systems employ a filtration system. These requirements
●Plumbing Utilities are driven by the need to maintain indoor air quality (IAQ), protect the
Heat pump system- A heat pump moves heat from the source to the occupants from airborne hazards and contaminants, or maintain cleanliness
●Fire Alarm and Fire Fighting System distribution circuit and adds heat through compression. The working in an occupied zone or production area.
principle is based on the transfer of latent heat and the dependence of the
boiler temperature on fluid pressure. A heat pump is composed of four main Heat Recovery Element (HRE):
●Earthling system and security
components (compressor, expansion valve, condenser, and evaporator).

●Specific requirements of high rise buildings ●A heat recovery device of many types is used in an air handling system
between supply and return airstreams for energy savings. The amount of
energy that is transferred by the heat exchanger is known as its
● Means of exists (fire escape) 'effectiveness' or 'efficiency.
Hot source & Cold source (ATES-Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage):

●Vertical transportation and garbage shoots Humidifiers:

●An aquifer is a permeable layer of sand containing water. The layer is
vertically separated by impermeable layers that typically consist of clay.
●Utilities distribution and management of MEP services ●Active humidification systems are complex, expensive to operate, and
maintenance intensive, so these systems are seldom employed unless they
●Equipment placement and provisions for future maintenance and are essential, Eliminating unnecessary humidification systems can yield
replacement substantial benefits.
Gas fired Boiler:

●Lightening protection
●A gas-fired boiler is often used to satisfy the peak heating demand.
When the heat pump has to satisfy the peak demand, it will become very
●External façade illumination large. Methods for humidification include:

Environment- Temperature, Humidity, Air motion. Air purity or quality. Air ●Direct or indirect steam injection
changes per hour, air and water velocity requirements. local climate, space
pressure requirements, capacity requirements, redundancy, spatial ●Evaporative approaches
Hydraulic system optimization:
requirements, security concerns.

●This hydronic system optimization tool returns the optimal sizes and ●Compressed air driven
Plumbing- Water Supply distribution booster system v/s gravity based tank
settings of the hydronic system, such as pipes, pumps and valves but also
supply.
test the control strategies of the installation. ●Ultrasonic

●Provisions of pressure reducers and Isolation valves

●Air washers

●Filling arrangement for overhead tank, provision of buffer tank at

Ventilation system ●Sprayed coils
intermediate floor.

Introduction:
●Balcony/trace drain, roof drains

●Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outside air into a space or Ventilation Units:
● Drainage risers to be located strategically with access for regular
room. It is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing
maintenance
indoor pollutants, such as CO2. It can be categorized as either mechanical
ventilation, or natural ventilation. ●A 'ventilation unit (VU) is an electricity driven appliance equipped with at
●Transfer floor v/s drainage offset least one impeller, one motor and a casing and intended to replace utilized
air by outdoor air in a building or a part of a building.
Mechanical ventilation uses fans to drive the flow of
●Centralized drinking water system outside air into a building and natural ventilation is the intentional passive
flow of outside air into a building through planned openings (such as
louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require
mechanical systems to move outside air, it relies entirely on passive physical There are two different types of VUs:
phenomena, such as wind pressure, or the stack effect.
Fire Fighting
1. Unidirectional ventilation units (UVUs):

●Fire zoning and compartments

●Ventilation units producing an air flow in one direction only, either from
There are four recognized ventilation systems that vary from completely indoors to outdoors (exhaust) or from outdoors to indoors (supply), where
●Sprinkler system with zone control valves natural ventilation to mixed ventilation and mechanical ventilation. These the mechanically produced air flow is balanced by natural air supply or
systems are often indicated with the letters A to D. exhaust;
●Fire hose cabinets for occupants
1.System A: natural air exhaust and air supply; - is an installation that 2.Bidirectional ventilation units (BVU):
●Dry Risers/Fire hose cabinets for fire fighters does not contain any electrical driven components. Fresh air is supplied
naturally through vents built in the windows.
●Ventilation units producing an air flow between indoors and outdoors
●Centralized Fire Alarm system in fire rated conduits and are equipped with both exhaust and supply fans.
2.System B: natural air exhaust and mechanical air supply (rare); - A
controlled supply of fresh outside air is forced through the building using a
●Gas based fire fighting system for protection of big ticket equipment fan and the outdoor air is transported into the building by ducts.

●NFPA/BS Codes must be followed Duct Systems:

 ●The distribution system (ducts) provides the path between the outer air, unequalled ability to provide customized heating and cooling via multiple Type of work recommended illumination level
the air handling system and the terminal equipment that distributes the zones within a space.
conditioned air.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
Silencers:
BUILDING TYPE & RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVEL
● The technology used by the VRF system minimizes energy consumption.
●A silencer is used for the noise absorption generated by the ventilation The system is also designed to reuse heat given off in the condensing
Schools - 250-400 lumens/meter square
units and spreading via the air ducts of the ventilation system, in order to process to provide heat in other areas of the space, so it can be used for
select the right silencer, the design of the ventilation system and its supplemental heating.
components must be known. Industry - 1000 lumens/meter square

QUIET OPERATION;
Dampers and valves: Shops - 250-500 lumens/meter square

●The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of ducts for many installations,
●A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside means quiet for the homeowner Offices - 100-400 lumens/meter square
a duct, air handling unit or other air handling equipment.
Hotels - 80-100 lumens/meter square
Air Terminal Devices (ATDs):

LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS: Hospitals - 250-3500 lumens/meter square

●Components of the installation which are designed for the purpose of
achieving the predetermined movement of air into or from the treated
●Those smaller air handlers also translate to less indoor space required to
space.
house the units.
CO-EFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION
Control system:
MORE DEPENDABLE:
●A surface to be illuminated receive light either directly from the lamps or
●The control system or building automation system is the operator of the reflected from the ceiling and walls or both.
●Since the compressor runs of a lower capacity in a VRF system, there is
ventilation system. It operates the fan, heating/cooling elements,
less wear and fear, which results is fewer breakdowns.
humidifiers, dampers, valves, and terminal equipment.
●In this case, the total flux reaching the surface will never be equal to the
flux emitted by the lamp, due to absorption by reflectors, ceiling and walls.
Solar hot water system:

Heat recovery VRF systems - are more efficient as they harvest the heat
●Solar thermal systems are one of the main current installed HVAC/MEP
given off by the building and recycles it for better efficiency and can save the
systems in building with the aim of generation Domestic Hot Water (DHW).
energy costs upto 33%. Utilization factor - lumens reaching at the working place /total lumens
It is the main renewable sources for generation of this energy. Solar thermal
systems use free energy from the sun (solar radiation) to produce useful emitted by the source Usually it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.
heat in a first instance. Multi Zone HVAC systems - can offer efficient climate control by offering
different zones for different areas of any space.

Solar collectors:
Multi Zone VRF HVAC Systems - can provide us with the ability and Types of Artificial Lighting
flexibility of having multiple zones with independent heating and cooling
●By nature, the collectors are the most visible of all solar thermal
systems and multiple temperature zones.
components they are typically mounted on the roof of a building, but can There are four basic types of lighting:
also be placed on the façade, on balconies or mounted on ground
structures.
1.Incandescent,

●Everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in

comes under the title of "Building services". 2.Fluorescent,

Pump:
●A building must do what it was designed to do-not just provide shelter 3. High-intensity discharge, and
but also be an environment where people can live, work and achieve.
●For pumped systems, the use of electricity for pumps should be kept as
4.Low-pressure sodium
low as possible, and therefore over dimensioning of the power of the pump
should be avoided.

Heat exchanger: Building services are what makes a building come to life.
Incandescent bulbs Advantages

●For the transfer of the heat gained from the sun to the domestic hot 1. FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM
water, a heat exchanger is required in twin circuit systems. 1. Inexpensive
2. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
LED Lighting Systems: 2. Available in many configurations and c
3. ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
●Lighting systems are installed to provide a building with artificial lighting 3. No warm-up required
when natural lighting is insufficient or unavailable. 4. CCTV SYSTEM & MONITORING SYSTEM
4. Not temperature sensitive
5. BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM
5. Easily controlled
VRF SYSTEMS: THE HIGH RISE HVAC SYSTEM OF CHOICE 6. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

●As an atemative to the problematic older high rise HVAC choices,

builders and developers are looking to a newer technology called Varable
Disadvantages
Refrigerant Flow, or VRF systems.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
1. Inefficient (10-25 lumens/watt)
●VRF has been the high rise HVAC system of choice in Japan and Europe
for many years. Yet VRF systems have only been introduced in the US within 1. ELECTRICAL HT & LT POWER DISTRIBUTION
the past decade or so, and have been quickly gaining popularity due to the 2. Short lamp life
efficiencies of the system and the superior comfort levels they can provide. 2. LIGHTING
3. Vibration sensitive
●The VRF system is consists of a large condensing unit that feeds 3. EARTHING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION
numerous smaller air handlers throughout the space, It's air-cooled, which 4. Over-voltage sensitive
eliminates both the danger of water leaks and the need for chemical
4. FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM
treatments to prevent the growth of bacteria.

5. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
6. ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
Advantages of VRF systems for high rise buildings:
●High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps provide the highest efficacy and
7. CCTV SYSTEM & MONITORING SYSTEM longest service life of any lighting type.

8. BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM ■-mercury vapor

CUSTOM COMFORT:

■-high-pressure sodium
●The system is capable of varying the amount of refrigerant being piped
to individual air handlers (hence the name), which gives VRF technology an
LIGHTNING
Color Rendering Index (CRI) ●The foul discharges from residential & commercial arca

●A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM ●It mainly includes discharges from latrines, urinals, laundry etc.
source match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion
from the reference source.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM - number of devices working together to detect B. Industrial Sewage
smoke, fire and carbon monoxide through visual and audio appliances.

●The foul discharges from industries

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM - electronic sound amplifier and distributer
85-100 CRI = Excellent color rendition system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers- addressing the
●It includes discharges produced during the manufacturing of goods
larger crowd.

75-85 CRI = Very Good color rendition

C. Combined Sewage

65-75 CRI = Good color rendition

●Combination of Sanitary sewage & Storm water
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

55-65 CRI = Fair color rendition

●Storm water is rain & snow melt that runs off surfaces such as rooftops,
1. Conventional Fire Alarm Systems
paved streets, highways & parking lots.
0-55 CRI = Poor color rendition
●In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, physical cabling is used to
interconnect several call points and detectors, the signals from which are
wired back to the main control unit.
Sewerage System:
There are there methods for illuminating a space:
2. Addressable Fire Alarm Systems
Sewerage:
1.General
●The detection circuit is wired as a loop.
●Sewage is produced everyday in towns & cities.
2.Local
●It is common for the loop to be fitted with Loop Isolation Modules so
that the loop is sectioned in order to ensure that a short circuit or single ●Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
3.Accent Lighting fault will only cause the loss of a small part of the system, allowing the rest
of the system to function normally. ●Sewage has to be removed as early as possible.

3. Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems ●If not removed, it will cause insanitary condition
General Ambient Lighting
●Intelligent Fire Alarm system, each detector actively incorporates its ●The network of collecting & conveying sewage by water carriage system
●Iluminates the room in a fairly uniform , generally diffuse manner. own computer that evaluates the environment around it communicates to through under ground pipes sewers is known as Sewerage.
the Control Panel whether there is a fire, fault or the detector needs
cleaning.
The dispersed quality of the ilumination can effectively reduce the contrast
between task lighting can be used to sofen shadows, smooth out and
expand the corners of a room and provide a comfortable level of 4. Wireless Fire Alarm Systems
Components of sewerage system are:
illumination for safe movement and general maintenance.
●These are an effective alternative to traditional wired fire alarm systems
for all applications. They utilize secure, license- free radio communications
to interconnect the sensors and devices with the controllers.
a) Drain - Is a plumbing fixture that provides an exit-point for waste water or
Local or Task Lighting:
water that is to be re-circulated.

●Illuminates specific areas of a space for the performance of visual tasks

CCTV AND SECURITY SYSTEMS b) Manhole - The opening or hole through which a man can enter the sewer
or activities.
line or other closed structure for inspection and cleaning

●The light sources are placed close to either above or beside the task
c) Pumping station - Includes pumps &equipments for pumping fluids.
surface enabling available wattage to be used more efficiently than with
Supplies water to remove sewage from processing site
general lighting. ANALOG CCTV

d) Sewer - Are the underground conduits or drains

●The luminaries are normally of direct type and adjustably in terms of ● An analogue camera - is a traditional camera used in CCTV systems. It
brightness and in direction is always desirable. sends video over cable to VCRs or DVRs.
● Used for carrying the sewage.

●To minimize the risk of an unacceptable brightness ratio between the ●IP cameras - are all digital cameras that can send signals over cable to be
task and surroundings task lighting is often combined with general lighting. stored in the network. Many security camera systems today are hybrid The most common types of sewer are:
Depending on the types of luminaries used local lighting can also contribute systems incorporating both analogue and digital components.
to the general lumination of space. I. Sanitary Sewer: Is a underground carriage system.

Accent Lighting: ●Used for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings
Building Management system
●Accent lighting is a form of local lighting which creates focal points or ●Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas alsocarry Industrial sewage.
rhythmic patterns of light and dark within a space.
●BMS, connects all the equipment into centralized mannar. It controls,
monitors and optimizes the MEP equipments using hardware and software ●Sanitary sewage is collected with the help of sanitary sewer line
●Instead of serving simply to illuminate a task or activity, accent lighting components.
can be used to relieve the monotony of general lighting, emphasize a rooms
features or high light art objects or prized possessions. ●The sanitary sewer is attached to a main sewer.

●The main sewer runs directly to the sewage treatment plant.

PLUMBING INTRODUCTION

Sewage:

II. Storm Sewer:

● Also known as waste water.

LIGHTING CONTROLLER ●A storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter & catch
●The liquid waste obtaines from a community. basin.

●Include discharges from latrines, urinals, & stables ●Gutter allow the storm water to drain from the street directly into the
storm sewer.
1. Time-switch controls-using timer gadget
●Discharges from industry & rainfall are also included.

2. Photocell controls-by light sensor

III. Combined Sewer:

3. Occupancy Controls-by IBMS, I-R Sensor
Types of Sewage:
●Type of sewer system
4. Dimmers-by reducing/increasing intensity
A. Sanitary Sewage
●Collects sanitary sewage & storm water run off in a single pipe system.
5. In-Luminaire-in fixture itself
●Also known as Domestics Sewage
 ●Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer 1. The final treatment takes place in drain field. 2) Incineration: Dumping of effluent into seas.
overflows Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather. 3) Agriculture: Using treated sludge as manure
2. Effluent trickles out of the pipes, through the gravel layer and passes into 4) Reuse of reclaimed water.
●This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities. the soil.

Reuse Of Effluent
3. The soil filters the wastewater as it passes through the pore spaces.

●Reuse of treated effluent or grey water

Principles Of Sanitation: 4. The soil microbes deactivates the disease germs that remain in the can be done in following ways:
effluent.
1.Fire Fighting System
Following are the principles for better living condition: 2.Irrigation
5 Eventually treated water enters the groundwater.
3.Flushing
●Waste materials like sewage should be removed as carly as possible. 4.Car wash
6. These processes work best where the soil is dry, permeable, and contains
5.Industries
plenty of oxygen below the drain field.
●Sewage after collection should be treated within four hours.
6.Road wash

●Effluent should be disposed of immediately

Booster System

Sewage Treatment :
●Building should be damp proof
●Water main supply pressures of 8-12 metres
(25-40 feet) can easily supply a typical two-story building.
I. Imhoff Treatment System:
●Water supply should be regular & sufficient so that the lavatories may be ●But for High-rise structures you need water
done properly. booster system to supply the water. Water Pressure Booster
●Is a 2 storied sludge digestion tank. System
●Water pressure boosting systems generally
consist of one or more pumps which are installed in a booster
●Invented by German scientist Mr. Karl Imhoff
system to increase the pressure in a system to a certain point
Features Of Sewerage System: independent of flow and inlet pressure.

Main features of sewerage system are: Booster system is divided into two parts:
Working Of Imhoff Tank:

1-UP-FED system - This system usually

1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe originate from a pressure booster pump set or hydro-
pneumatic tank in the basement of the building
A. Collection & Conveyance:
2-DOWN-FED: This systems usually originate
2. Settling of solids occurs in the upper compartment.
from a rooftop gravity tank.
●Sewage is collected & conveyed through the system of pipe lines or
sewers The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system Where 3. Effluent leaves through the outlet pipe.
Advantages of these pressurized system includes:
sewerage system is not provided, sewage is collected in septic or imhoff
tank
4. Sludge falls through the slot to the digestion tank.
1-Less demand of space than roof top tank.
C. Sewage Treatment: 2- Lower life cycle costs
5. Anaerobic bacteria decomposes the organic matter.
3-Lower maintenance costs
●Is a process of removing contaminants from sewage.
6. Digestion process generates biogas
Disadvantages are:
●Objective is to produce an environmentally safe treated effluent and
7. Biogas escapes through gas vent
sludge suitable for disposal or reuse. ●it requires much amount of electricity.

8. Digested sludge is removed by the sludge removal pipe

●Discharge to the environment must be accomplished without
Advantages of roof top water tank includes:
transmitting diseases or endangering aquatic organisms.

1-consistence water supply required.

Sewage Treatment Process: 2-Small power supply required.

Sewage Treatment:
Primary Treatment: Disadvantages are:

There are 2 types of treatment system:

●It is a physical process. 1-Greater structure required.

1. Septic & Imhoff Treatment System II. Waste Water Treatment Plant 2-High operating costs.
(WWTP) ●Also known as sedimentation stage 3-High costs for piping, valves and tanks.
4- Lack of pressure control
●Sewage flow is slowed down 5-High maintenance required.

I. A) Scptic System: ●Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

Drainage system - for a multi-story building-the drains from
the plumbing fixtures are connected to vertical drain stacks
●The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids that convey the waste and sewage to below the lowest floor
●Consists of two major parts, the septic tank & drain field.
of the building.

●The septic tank separates the sewage into three components: ●Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank.
VACCUM Drainage System
Sludge(solid waste), Scum (floatables) & Effluent (grey water)
●Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or acration tank for secondary
treatment. ●In a vacuum drainage system, the differential
pressure between the atmosphere and the vacuum becomes
the driving force that propels the waste water towards the
Working Of Septic Tank: vacuum station.

1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe. Features Of Sewerage System:

Vacuum drainage systems should be considered when
one or more of the following conditions exist:
2. Gravity pulls the solids to the base. Sewage Disposal:

●Is an action or a process of throwing away or getting rid of sewage. 1-Water shortage.
3. Scum layer is formed on the surface due to anacrobic biological action.
2-Limited sewerage capacity.

Purpose of Sewage disposal: 3-Where separation of black water and grey water" is desired.
4. Grey water leaves through the outlet pipe.
4-Where drainage by gravity becomes impractical.

5. The effluent flows into a distribution box which then distributes the ●To conserve water resources.
effluent equally among the trenches in the drain field. Black water - is waste water from toilets, while grey water
is waste water from sinks, dishwashers, bathtubs, and
●To prevent contamination of drinking supplies.
washing machines.

●To help promote health & comfortable living To prevent the

HOT WATER AND OTHER DUAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Sewage Treatment : contamination of surface water use for bathing and other resourceful uses.

●Controlling the delivery of hot water from a

Working Of Drain field: Various way of disposing sewage are:
hot water vessel may require tempered or thermostatically
1) Dumping of treated effluent into underground controlled water in all ablution areas, aged person homes,
hospitals or in health care area and other public places.
 ●Use of thermostatically controlled mixing ●The incoming water can reach as high as 104
valves is encouraged where practicable. degrees F in the summer and 68 F in the winter. Pre-cooling
of the water is required in the summer. The tower is cooled
●Multiple dwellings and multi-story buildings
via a specially designed district cooling plant, which houses
may have fire protection systems such as sprinkler variety
three individual plants and supplies chilled water to Burj
systems or high-pressure mains and hydrants.
Khalifa.
●So the supply of water must be designed for
every aspect, for example- used water must be treated and Optical sensors - measures electromagnetic energy including electricity and
then thrown into the dedicated space recognized by MEP SENSOR light. They're used in industries such as healthcare, energy and
authorities. communications to monitor variables including light, radiation, electric and
Smart Sensors In High Rise Buildings Semiconductor-based
●Drinking-water supply systems should be sensors: Placed on an integrated circuit, these identical magnetic field and temperature.
designed, installed and maintained so as to prevent diodes use temperature sensitive voltage compared with
contaminants from being introduced into the drinking-water current conditions, allowing them to record changes in
supply system. temperature.
●Combined tanks storing potable water Thermocouple: As the name suggests, this consists of two
alongside water for other purposes should have a double wires-these are made from different metals and placed a Proximity sensors, - much like motion sensors, detect the presence of an
partition wall installed internally to separate the two supplies. different points, with the change in voltage between the two
object and measure how close it is. One of the most familiar uses is reverse
points showing change in temperature.
●Separate water storage vessels are an parking sensors in cars.
integral part of many dual supply systems.
Resistance Temperature Detector. - A film or wire is
wrapped around a ceramic or glass core, with temperature
measured from the resistance between the element with
Water storage tanks are appropriate for use in the temperature. These tend to be the most accurate type of Pressure sensors - detect pressure and alert the system administrator of any
following circumstances: sensor, but can also be the most expensive.
deviation from the standard pressure range - similar to machine monitoring.

1-Sanitary flushing. Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor:

2-Supply of drinking-water. Providing high resistance at low temperatures,
as temperature increases resistance quickly drops-reflecting
3- Firefighting. Water-quality sensors - are used in environmental management to measure
changes quickly and accurately.
4-Air-conditioning chemicals, ions, organic elements, suspended solids and pH levels in water.
5- Refrigeration.
There are three common types of humidity sensor:
6-Ablutions
Capacitive:
7- Prevention of cross-connections
With a porous dielectric substance at the
center, surrounded by two electrodes, the sensor uses water Chemical sensors - detect the presence of chemicals in water or air.
vapor to monitor humidity-when the vapor reaches the
electrodes it creates a voltage change.
LABELLING OF NON-DRINKABLE WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
Resistive:
Smoke sensors - detect levels of airborne particulates and gases. While
Less sensitive than capacitive, they operate on they've been around for a while, the development of IoT means they're now
●Where the alternative supply is a non-potable
a similar basis, using electrical change to measure relative
drinking-water supply, it needs to be clearly and permanently able to notify users of problems immediately.
humidity. However, they use ions in salts to measure this
labelled "Caution-not for drinking" at every outlet.
change to resistance on the electrodes,
●Exposed piping must be identified by color
coding (lilac) and permanent markings or labelling
Thermal:
●Use of the lilac (light purple) color on pipes
and outlet points has been adopted in some countries to Two matched thermal sensors conduct Level sensors - determine the level of fluids, liquids or other substances in
warn that the contents being conveyed within are not for electricity based on humidity of the air surrounding them. an open or closed system. Image sensors can be found in digital cameras,
drinking purposes. medical imaging and night vision equipment and biometric devices

Motion sensors or passive infra-red (PIR) These sensors work

Case Study: Burj Khalifa Supplying water to Burj by detecting heat emitted by people.
Khalifa

●Desk occupancy sensors: Accelerometer sensors - detect vibration, tilting and acceleration in an
●The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an object
●Table occupancy sensors:
average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day
through 100 km (62 ml) of pipes. An additional 213 km (132 ●Room occupancy sensors
mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km
●Cubicle occupancy sensors:
(21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.
Drainage system of Burj Khalifa ●Time-of-flight sensors
Gyroscope sensors - are used together with accelerometers and measure
●You'd think that the world's tallest building-a ●People-flow sensors:
structure that requires amazingly complex engineering and angular velocity.
●Infrared array sensors
technology to reach its heights-would have an equally
impressive sewage system. Unfortunately, that's not the case ●People counter and movement sensors
because it isn't hooked up to a municipal wastewater
●Contact sensors
treatment system-the waste water of Burj Khalifa is actually
trucked out of the city. Water Temperature: ●Gas/air-quality sensors
●Electrical current monitoring sensors