GEC3

MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD
CHAPTER 4: DATA MANAGEMENT
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
When the population standard deviation is unknown,
the z-test is not typically used for testing hypotheses
involving means. A different test, called the t-test, is used.
The distribution of the variable should be approximately
normal.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
The t distribution is similar to the standard normal
distribution in the following ways.
1. It is bell-shaped.
2. It is symmetric about the mean.
3. The mean, median, and mode are equal to 0 and are
located at the center of the distribution.
4. The curve approaches but never touches the x axis.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
The t distribution differs from the standard normal distribution
in the following ways.
1. The variance is greater than 1.
2. The t distribution is a family of curves based on the degrees
of freedom, which is a number related to sample size.
(Recall that the symbol for degrees of freedom is d.f.)
3. As the sample size increases, the t distribution approaches
the normal distribution. The t test is defined next
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Find the critical t value for 0.05 with d.f. = 16 for a right-
tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the top row labeled One tail and 16
in the left-hand column. Where the row and column meet,
the appropriate critical value is found; it is 1.746.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Find the critical t value for 0.01 with d.f.= 22 for a left-
tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.01 column in the row labeled One tail, and find
22 in the left column. The critical value is 2.508 since the
test is a one-tailed left test.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Find the critical values for 0.10 with d.f.= 18 for a two-
tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.10 column in the row labeled Two tails, and find
18 in the column labeled d.f. The critical values are 1.734
and 1.734.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Find the critical value for 0.05 with d.f.= 28 for a right-
tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the One-tail row and 28 in the left
column. The critical value is 1.701.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
When you test hypotheses by using the t test (traditional method), follow
the same procedure as for the z-test, except use Table F.
Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Step 2 Find the critical value(s) from Table F.
Step 3 Compute the test value.
Step 4 Make the decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5 Summarize the results.
Remember that the t-test should be used when the population is
approximately normally distributed and the population standard deviation
is unknown.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Hospital Infections
SOLUTION
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Starting Salary for Nurse Practitioners
SOLUTION
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Find the P-value when the t test value is 2.056, the sample size
is 11, and the test is right-tailed.
SOLUTION
To get the P-value, look across the row with 10 degrees of
freedom (d.f. n-1) in Table F and find the two values that
2.056 falls between. They are 1.812 and 2.228. Since this is a
right-tailed test, look up to the row labeled One tail, and find
the two values corresponding to 1.812 and 2.228. They are
0.05 and 0.025, respectively.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Find the P-value when the t test value is 2.983, the sample
size is 6, and the test is two-tailed.
SOLUTION
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
To test hypotheses using the P-value method, follow the same
steps as explained in previous slides. These steps are repeated
here.
Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Step 2 Compute the test value.
Step 3 Find the P-value.
Step 4 Make the decision.
Step 5 Summarize the results.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
Jogger’s Oxygen Uptake
A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen
uptake is greater than the average of all adults. A random
sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per
kilogram (ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the
average of all adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is there enough evidence
to support the physician’s claim at = 0.05? Assume the
variable is normally distributed.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A
SOLUTION
Mean
HYPOTHESIS TESTING- t Test
For A Mean
ACTIVITY F-8.1
Instructions: Solve each item correctly by providing the necessary solutions for what is
required.
1. Strawberry Seeds The average strawberry has approximately 200 seeds. A very
patient student selected a random sample of 10 strawberries and found a sample
mean of 185.2 seeds with a standard deviation of 10. At the 0.05 level of
significance, can it be concluded that the mean is less than 200?
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Find the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO MEANS OF
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: USING THE
t Test
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO MEANS OF
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: USING THE
t Test
 TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO MEANS OF
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: USING THE
t Test
Weights of Newborn Infants
 TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO MEANS OF
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: USING THE
t Test
SOLUTION
ACTIVITY F-8.2
Instructions: Solve each item correctly by providing the necessary solutions for what is
required.
1. Bestseller Books The mean for the number of weeks 15 New York Times hard-cover fiction
books spent on the bestseller list is 22 weeks. The standard deviation is 6.17 weeks. The
mean for the number of weeks 15 New York Times hard-cover nonfiction books spent on
the list is 28 weeks. The standard deviation is 13.2 weeks. At 0.10, can we conclude that
there is a difference in the mean times for the number of weeks the books were on the
bestseller lists?
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Find the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
TestIn addition to comparing two means, statisticians are
interested in comparing two variances or standard
deviations. For example, is the variation in the temperatures
for a certain month for two cities different?
In another situation, a researcher may be interested in
comparing the variance of the cholesterol of men with the
variance of the cholesterol of women. For the comparison
of two variances or standard deviations, an F-test is used.
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
Test
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
Test
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
TestFind the critical value for a right-tailed F test when
0.05, the degrees of freedom for the numerator (abbreviated
d.f.N.) are 15, and the degrees of freedom for the
denominator (d.f.D.) are 21.
SOLUTION
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
TestFind the critical value for a two-tailed F test with 0.05
when the sample size from which the variance for the
numerator was obtained was 21 and the sample size from
which the variance for the denominator was obtained was
12.
SOLUTION
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
Test
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
Test
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
Test
Heart Rates of Smokers
SOLUTION
TESTING THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES f-
Test
Noise Levels of Power Mowers

SOLUTION
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
The F test, used to compare two variances as shown in
the previous slides, it can also be used to compare three or
more means. This technique is called analysis of variance,
or ANOVA. It is used to test claims involving three or more
means.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
- ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
The one-way analysis of variance test is used to
test the equality of three or more means using sample
variances.
 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
- ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Analysis of Variance Summary Table
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
- ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
- ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Miles per Gallon
ACTIVITY F-8.3
Instructions: Solve each item correctly by providing the necessary solutions for what is
required.
1. Tire Prices A large tire company held an end-of-season clearance sale. Listed are sale prices
for random samples of different models for three different brands. Is there sufficient
evidence at 0.05 to conclude a difference in mean prices for the three brands?
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Find the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
Statisticians devised quantitative ways to measure the
association between two variables. The strength of
correlation is indicated by one coefficient of correlation.
There are several coefficients of correlation. One that is
most commonly used is Pearson Product-Moment
coefficients of correlation, symbolized by r, named in honor
of the statistician who did a lot of research on this area,
Karl Pearson (Belecina, Rene R. Et.al Statistics and
Probability 2019).
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
 If an r-value of exactly +1indicates a perfect positive correlation.
Positive values indicate a relationship between x and y variables such
that as values for one variable increase, values of the other variable
also increase.
 If an r-value of exactly -1 indicates a perfect negative relationship
between two variables. Negative values indicate a relationship between
two variables such that as values of x increases, values for y decreases.
 If there is no correlation or a weak correlation, r is close to 0. A value
near zero means that there is a random, nonlinear relationship between
two variables.
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
The following summarizes the correlation coefficient
and the strength of relationships:
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
PEARSON r COEFFICIENT
 ACTIVITY F-8.4
Instructions: Solve each item correctly by providing the necessary solutions for what is
required.
1. A teacher would like to know if there is a linear correlation between a student’s classroom
performance and achievement in the national achievement test (NAT). At the end of academic year,
she gathers the data and came up with the following table. If the set level of significance 0.05 , is
there a significant relationship between classroom performance and achievement in the national
achievement test (NAT)?

a. Set up the hypothesis

b. Set the level of Significance.
c. Solve for the value of r.
d. Use the following basis for arriving at the decision:
e. State the conclusion
REFENCES:
Winston S. Shrug, PhD
Mathematics in the Modern World CHED
Curriculum Compliant, 2018. MINDSHAPERS CO., INC.

Allan G. Bulman
Elementary Statistics: A STEP BY STEP
APPROACH, Ninth Edition, 2014. McGraw-Hill Education