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2 Hypothesis Testing

The document discusses small sample mean tests which use a t-test when the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is less than 30. It provides examples of hypotheses tests using a t-test and outlines the steps to perform a t-test to determine if there is enough evidence to reject a claim.

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6 views15 pages

2 Hypothesis Testing

The document discusses small sample mean tests which use a t-test when the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is less than 30. It provides examples of hypotheses tests using a t-test and outlines the steps to perform a t-test to determine if there is enough evidence to reject a claim.

Uploaded by

Ali Saygı
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 The Standart Normal Distribution

 Applications of the Normal Distribution


 Central Limit Theorem
 Confidence Intervals and the Sample Size
 Hypothesis Testing
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
 Large Sample Mean Test
 Small Sample Mean Test
 Proportion Test
 Varince and Standart Deviation Test
 Testing the Difference among Means, Variances , and Proportions
 Correlation and Regression, The Multiple Regression
 Chi – Square
 The F – test and Analysis of Variance
 Nonparametric Statistics
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
When the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size
is less than 30, the z test is inappropriate for testing hypotheses involving
means.A different test called the t test, is used.The t test is used when 
is unknown and n < 30 .

The t distribution is similar to the standard normal distribution in the


following ways.
1. It is bell-shaped.
2. It is symmetrical about the mean.
3. The mean,median, and mode are equal to 0 and are located at the
center of the distribution.
4. The curve never touches the x axis.
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
The t distribution differs from the standard normal distribution in the
following ways.
1. The variance is greater than 1.
2. The t distribution is a family of curves based on degrees of freedom,
which is a number related to sample size.
3. As the sample size increases, the t distribution approaches the
normal distribution.
The t test is a statistical test for the mean of a population and is used
when the population is normally or approximately normally distributed
 is unknown and n < 30.
X 
t
s
n
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n - 1
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
•The formula for the t test is similar to the formula for the z test.But since
the population standard deviation  is unknown, the sample standard
deviation s is used instead.
•For a one tailed test ,find the level by looking at the top row of the
table and finding the appropriate column.Find the degrees of freedom by
looking down the left-hand column. Notice that degrees of freedom are
given for values from 1 through 28. When the degrres of freedom are 29
 (infinity) is used.
or more ,the row with
•Note that the values in this row are the same as the values for the z
distribution, since as the sample size increases,the t distribution
approaches the z distribution. When the sample size is 30 or
more ,statisticians generally agree that the two values is relatively small.
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
EXAMPLE / 1
Find the critical t value for   0.05 with d.f. = 16 for a right-tailed test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the top row and 16 in the left-hand column. Where the row
and column meet, the appropriate critical value is found ; it is + 1.746
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
EXAMPLE / 2
Find the critical t value for   0.01 with d.f. = 22 for a left-tailed test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.01 column in the row labeled “One tail” and find 22 in the left column.
The critical value is – 2.508 since the test is a one-tailed left test.

EXAMPLE / 3
Find the critical values for   0.10 with d.f. = 18 for a two-tailed t test.

SOLUTION
Find the 0.10 column in the row labeled “Two tails” and find 18 in the column
labeled “d.f.” The critical values are + 1.734 and – 1.734
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
EXAMPLE / 4
Find the critical t value for   0.05 with d.f. = 28 for a right-tailed t test.

SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the “One tail” row and find 28 in the left column. The
critical value is + 1.701

When testing hypotheses by using the t test, follow the same procedure as for
the z test.
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST

STEP 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2 Find the critical value(s).

STEP 3 Compute the test value.

STEP 4 Make decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.

STEP 5 Summarize the results.

Remember that the t test should be used when the population is


approximately normally distributed, the population standard deviation is
unknown, and the sample size is less than 30.
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
EXAMPLE / 5
A job placement director claims that the average starting salary for nurses is
$24,000 .A sample of 10 nurses has a mean of $23,450 and a standard deviation of
$400 .Is there enough evidence to reject the director’s claim at   0.05 ?

SOLUTION
STEP 1 H 0 :  $24,000 (claim) and H 1 :   $24,000
STEP 2 The critical values are + 2.262 and - 2.262 for   0.05 and d.f. = 9
STEP 3 The test value is

X  23,450  24,000
t   4.35
s 400
n 10
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
STEP 4 Reject the null hypothesis ,since – 4.35 < - 2.262

STEP 5 There is enough evidence to reject the claim that the starting salary of
nurses is $24,000
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
EXAMPLE \ 6
A machine is designed to fill jars with 16 ounces of coffee. A consumer suspects that
the machine is not filling the jars completely.A sample of 8 jars has a mean of 15.6
ounces and a standard deviation of 0.3 ounce. Is there enough evidence to support
the consumer’s conjecture at   0.10 ?

SOLUTION
STEP 1 H 0 :   16 and H1 :   16 (claim)
STEP 2 At   0.10 and d.f. = 7 the critical value is - 1.415
STEP 3 The test value is

X  15.6  16
t   3.77
s 0 .3
n 8
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
STEP 4 Reject the null hypothesis,since the test value falls in the
critical region.

STEP 5 There is enough evidence to support the claim that the machine is not
filling the jars with 16 ounces of coffee.
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
EXAMPLE \ 7
A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than the
average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 43.6 mililiters per
kilogram (ml/kg) and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is
36.7 ml/kg, is there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at   0.01?

SOLUTION
H0 :   H1 :  
STEP 1   0.01
36.7 and 36.7 (claim)
STEP 2 At and d.f. = 14 the critical value is + 2.624
STEP 3 The test value is
X   43.6  36.7
t   4.45
s 6
n 15
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST
STEP 4 Reject the null hypothesis,since 4.45 falls in the critical region.

STEP 5 There is enough evidence to support the claim that the joggers’
maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater than 36.7 ml/kg.
SMALL SAMPLE MEAN TEST

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