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DB Lec 03

The document discusses types of databases, data models, and schemas versus instances. It describes centralized and distributed databases, conceptual and physical data models, and the relational, network, and hierarchical models. It also explains that a database schema defines the structure, while a database instance refers to the actual stored data at a point in time.

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31 views14 pages

DB Lec 03

The document discusses types of databases, data models, and schemas versus instances. It describes centralized and distributed databases, conceptual and physical data models, and the relational, network, and hierarchical models. It also explains that a database schema defines the structure, while a database instance refers to the actual stored data at a point in time.

Uploaded by

hammadrajpoot3366qa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Database Systems
Lecture 3

Types of databases, Data Models, Database Management Systems


Schema and Instances
2

Database Management S
ystems

Today’s agenda
• Types of Databases
• Data Models
▫ Categories
▫ History
• Schemas vs. Instances
• Database schema vs. Database states
3

Database Management S
ystems

Types of Databases
• Centralized Databases
• Distributed Databases
Database Management S
ystems
4

Centralized Databases
• Personal Computer Database
▫ normally have a single user who creates the database
updates and maintains the data and reports and
displays
• Central Computer Database
▫ users at remote locations can access the database
using terminals and data communications links
• Client/Server Database
▫ many organizations are downsizing present
applications to these smaller, more cost effective
computers
5

Database Management S
ystems

Distributed Databases
• Homogenous Database
▫ The homogeneous database means that the
database technology is the same at each of the
locations (or sites) and that the data at various
locations are also compatible
• Heterogeneous Database
▫ different nodes may have different hardware &
software and data structures at various locations
are also incompatible.
6

Database Management S
ystems

Data Models
• Data Model: A set of concepts to describe the
structure of a database, i.e., structure means, the
data types, relationships, and constraints that
apply to the data.
• Data Model Operations: Most data models
also include a set of basic operations for
specifying retrievals and updates on the
database. Operations on the data model may
include basic operations (insert, delete, modify)
and user-defined operations (compute CGPA).
7

Database Management S
ystems

Categories of data models


• Conceptual (high-level, semantic) data models:
Provide concepts that are close to the way many users
perceive data. (Also called entity-based or object-
based data models.)

• Physical (low-level, internal) data models: Provide


concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the
computer, typically magnetic disks

• Implementation (representational) data models:


Provide concepts that fall between the above two,
balancing user views with some computer storage details.
8

Database Management S
ystems

Conceptual Data Model


• An entity represents a real-world object or
concept, such as an employee or a project, that is
described in the database.
• An attribute represents some property of
interest that further describes an entity, such as
the employee's name or salary.
• A relationship among two or more entities
represents an association among two or more
entities, for example, a works-on relationship
between an employee and a project.
9

Database Management S
ystems

Physical Data Model


• Physical data models describe how data is stored
as files in the computer by representing
information such as record formats, record
orderings, and access paths. An access path is
a structure that makes the search for particular
database records efficient.
10

Database Management S
ystems

History of Data Models


• Relational Model: proposed in 1970 by E.F. Codd (IBM),
first commercial system in 1981-82. Now in several
commercial products (DB2, ORACLE, SQL Server,
SYBASE, INFORMIX).
Network Model: the first one to be implemented by
Honeywell in 1964-65 (IDS System). Adopted heavily
due to the support by CODASYL (CODASYL - DBTG
report of 1971). Later implemented in a large variety of
systems - IDMS (Cullinet - now CA), DMS 1100 (Unisys),
IMAGE (H.P.), VAX -DBMS (Digital Equipment Corp.).
• Hierarchical Data Model: implemented in a joint effort by
IBM and North American Rockwell around 1965.
Resulted in the IMS family of systems. The most popular
model. Other system based on this model: System 2k
(SAS inc.)
11

Database Management S
ystems

History of Data Models


• Object-oriented Data Model(s): several models have been
proposed for implementing in a database system. One set
comprises models of persistent O-O Programming
Languages such as C++ (e.g., in OBJECTSTORE or
VERSANT), and Smalltalk (e.g., in GEMSTONE).
Additionally, systems like O2, ORION (at MCC - then
ITASCA), IRIS (at H.P.- used in Open OODB).
• Object-Relational Models: Most Recent Trend. Started
with Informix Universal Server. Exemplified in the latest
versions of Oracle-10i, DB2, and SQL Server etc. systems.
12

Database Management S
ystems

Schemas versus Instances


• Database Schema: The description of a database is called
database schema which is specified during database design and is
not expected to change frequently. It includes descriptions of the
database structure and the constraints that should hold on the
database.

• Schema Diagram: A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of)


a database schema.

• Schema Construct: We call each object in the schema—such as


STUDENT or COURSE—a schema construct.

• Database Instance: The actual data stored in a database at a


particular moment in time. Also called database state (or
occurrence).
13

Database Management S
ystems

Database Schema Vs. Database State


• Database State: Refers to the content of a database at a
moment in time.

• Initial Database State: Refers to the database when it is loaded

• Valid State: A state that satisfies the structure and constraints of


the database.

• Distinction
• The database schema changes very infrequently. The database state
changes every time the database is updated.

• Schema is also called intension, whereas state is called extension of


the schema.
14

Database Management S
ystems

Schema Diagram

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