WELCOME TO THE COURSE

ON

Engineering Visualization
Course Code: MEB 162

BY
Dr. Ashok Kumar Dewangan
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NIT Delhi - 110040 INDIA
E-mail: ashokd@nitdelhi.ac.in
 UNIT – 2

ENGINEERING
CURVES
USES OF ENGINEERING CURVES

Useful by their nature & characteristics.

Laws of nature represented on graph.

Useful in engineering in understanding

laws, manufacturing of various
items, designing mechanisms analysis of
forces, construction of bridges, dams,
water tanks etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGG. CURVES

1. CONICS
2. CYCLOIDAL CURVES

3. INVOLUTE

4. SPIRAL

5. HELIX

6. SINE & COSINE

 What is Cone ?

It is a surface generated by moving a Straight line keeping

one of its end fixed & other end makes a closed curve.
The fixed point is known as vertex or apex.

The closed curve is known as

base. Vertex/Apex

If the base/closed curve is a circle,

we get a cone.

If the base/closed curve is a 90º

polygon, we get a pyramid.

Base
The line joins apex to the center of base is called axis.

If axes is perpendicular to base, it is called as right circular

cone.

If axis of cone is not perpendicular to Vertex/Apex

base, it is called as oblique cone.
Cone Axis
The line joins vertex/ apex to the Generator
circumference of a cone is
known as generator.
90º

Base
 CONICS

Definition :- The section obtained by the intersection of a

right circular cone by a cutting plane in different position
relative to the axis of the cone are called CONICS.
 CONICS

A - TRIANGLE

B - CIRCLE

C - ELLIPSE

D – PARABOLA

E - HYPERBOLA
 TRIANGLE

When the cutting plane contains the apex, we get a

triangle as the section.
 CIRCLE
When the cutting plane is perpendicular to the axis or parallel
to the base in a right cone we get circle the section.

Section Plane

Circle
 ELLIPSE
Definition :-
When the cutting plane is inclined to the axis but not parallel
to generator or the inclination of the cutting plane(α) is greater
than the semi cone angle(θ), we get an ellipse as the section.

θ
α>θ
α
 PARABOLA
When the cutting plane is inclined to the axis and parallel to
one of the generators of the cone or the inclination of the
plane(α) is equal to semi cone angle(θ), we get a parabola as
the section.

θ α=θ
α
 HYPERBOLA
Definition :-
When the cutting plane is parallel to the axis or the
inclination of the plane with cone axis(α) is less than semi
cone angle(θ), we get a hyperbola as the section.

α=0
α<θ θθ
 CONICS
Definition :- The locus of point moves in a plane such a way
that the ratio of its distance from fixed point (focus) to a
fixed Straight line (Directrix) is always constant.

Conic Curve
M P
Directrix
F
C
V
Focus

Fixed straight line is called as directrix.

Fixed point is called as focus.
 The line passing through focus & perpendicular to
directrix is called as axis.

The intersection of conic curve with axis is called as

vertex.

Conic Curve
M P Axis
Directrix
F
C
V
Vertex Focus
 Conic Curve
M P Axis
Directrix
F
C
V
Vertex Focus
N Q

Distance of a point from focus

Ratio =
Distance of a point from directrix
= Eccentricity
= PF/PM = QF/QN = VF/VC = e
 ELLIPSE
Ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that
the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed
straight line (Directrix) is a constant and less than one.

P Ellipse
M Axis
Directrix
Vertex F
C V
Focus Eccentricity=PF/PM
N = QF/QN
Q
< 1.
 ELLIPSE
Ellipse is the locus of a point, which moves in a plane so that
the sum of its distance from two fixed points, called focal
points or foci, is a constant. The sum of distances is equal to
the major axis of the ellipse.

C
P

O
A B
F1 F2

Q D
 P C

CF1 +CF2 = AB
O
A B but CF1 = CF2
F1 F2
hence, CF1=1/2AB

Q D
PF1 + PF2 = QF1 + QF2 = CF1 +CF2 = constant
= F1A + F1B = F2A + F2B
But F1A = F2B

F1A + F1B = F2B + F1B = AB

= Major Axis
 C
Major Axis = 100 mm
Minor Axis = 60 mm
O
A B
F1 F2 CF1 = ½ AB = AO

D
Uses :-

Shape of a man-hole.
Shape of tank in a tanker.

Flanges of pipes, glands and stuffing boxes.

Shape used in bridges and arches.

Monuments.

Path of earth around the sun.

Shape of trays etc.

 PARABOLA
Definition :-
The parabola is the locus of a point, which moves in a plane
so that its distance from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed
straight line (directrix) are always equal.

Ratio (known as eccentricity) of its distances from focus to

that of directrix is constant and equal to one (1).

P Parabola
M
Directrix
Axis
Vertex F
C V
Eccentricity = PF/PM Focus
= QF/QN N Q
= 1.
Uses

Motor car head lamp reflector.

Sound reflector and detector.
Bridges and arches construction
Shape of cooling towers.
Path of particle thrown at any angle with earth,
etc.
 HYPERBOLA
It is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that the
ratio of its distances from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed
straight line (directrix) is constant and grater than one.

P Hyperbola
M Axis
Directrix
F
C
V Eccentricity = PF/PM
Vertex Focus
N = QF/QN
Q
> 1.
Uses :-

Nature of graph of Boyle’s law

Shape of overhead water tanks

Shape of cooling towers etc.

 METHODS FOR DRAWING ELLIPSE

1. Arc of Circle’s Method

2. Concentric Circle Method
3. Loop Method
4. Oblong Method
5. Ellipse in Parallelogram
6. Trammel Method
7. Parallel Ellipse
8. Directrix Focus Method
 ELLIPSE – DIRECTRIX FOCUS METHOD
g
f  < 45º
Ellipse e
d
D1

c Eccentricity = 2/3
b P P P6 P7
a P3 4 5
Directrix

Q P1 P2 QV1 V1F1 2

f`
= =

6
R1V1 R1V1 3

R=
R= 1
a
R1  1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V1 F1
Dist. Between directrix &
90° focus = 50 mm
P’
T Tangen 1 P ’
N

t 1 part = 50/(2+3)=10 mm
2
P3’P ’
4 P5’ P ’ P ’
S
6 7 V1F1 = 2 part = 20 mm
D1

T V R = 3 part = 30 mm
Normal

1 1
 METHODS FOR DRAWING PARABOLA

1. Rectangle Method

2. Parabola in Parallelogram

3. Tangent Method

4. Directrix Focus Method

D
P4
P3
P2 PARABOLA

R4
PF DIRECTRIX FOCUS METHOD

R3
R2
P1

RF
R1
AXIS
R V 1 F 2
90° 3 4
T 90°
N
P1’
PF’ S
DIRECTRIX

P2’
P3’
P4’

N T
D
 METHODS FOR DRAWING HYPERBOLA

1. Rectangle Method

2. Oblique Method

3. Directrix Focus Method

 4’

DIRECTRIX D
P4
3’
T2 P3
2’
P2
N 1’
1
s P1
NO
RM

T
Directrix focus method AL N

EN
2

NG
AXIS

TA
Hyperbola C V 1 F12 3 4
T1

P1’

P2’

P3’
D

P4’