ASSIGNMENT

First semester

Submitted To :
Mam Samina .

Submitted By :
Yusra Khalid
2310-F
HISTORY
OF
COMPUTE
R
What is a computer?

A computer is a machine that can be programmed

to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical
operations automatically. Modern digital
electronic computers can perform generic sets of
operations known as programs. These programs
enable computers to perform a wide range of
tasks.
Abacus
• An abacus is a manual tool used to
keep track of numbers and to perform
basic mathematical operations.
• Abaci have been in use in various Earlier Abacus
parts of the world for over 4,000 years.
• Even in the modern digital age abaci
remain popular for certain applications
in accounting, education, and for use
in austere environments.
• The Australian business journal
Abacus takes its name from this
venerable tool. Modern Abacus
Napier's Bone
• John Napier invented this device
in 1614 . Napier’s bone
• Napier's Bones is a manual
calculating device using strips of
ivory or other types of material
that are divided into sections..
• The sections are marked with
numbers or digits and are used
primarily for multiplication and
division.
John Napier
 Slide rule
• The slide rule, or slipstick, is a mechanical
analog computer. Slide Rule
• The slide rule is used mainly for multiplication
and division, and also for "scientific" functions
such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but
usually not for addition or subtraction.
• The slide rule was invented by William
Oughtred in the 1600's, but only began to be
widely used in the mid 1800's William Oughtred
 Pascaline
• In 1642 Blaise Pascal ,at age 19 , invented
the Pascaline as an aid for his father who Pascaline
was a tax collector .
• Up until the present age when car
dashboards went digital , the odometer
portion of a car’s speedometer used the very
same mechanism as the Pascaline to
increment the next wheel after each full
revolution of the prior wheel .
• Pascal went to invent probability theory , the
hydraulic press , and the syringe .
Blaise Pascal
 Leibniz calculator
• The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a
mechanical calculator invented by the German
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around
1672 and completed in 1694.
Von Leibniz
• Just a few years after Pascal , the German Leibniz
managed to build a four-function (addition , subtraction ,
multiplication , and division ) calculator that he called the
stepped reckoner .
• Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number
system which is fundamental to the operation of modern
computers . Leibniz calculator
 Jacquard
Machine
• The Jacquard machine is a device
fitted to a loom that simplifies the
process of manufacturing textiles with
such complex patterns as brocade,
damask and matelassé.
• The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical
loom, inveted bt joseph-Marie
Jacquard in 1881.
• Its’s an automatic loom controlled by
punched cards.
Jacquard Machine
 DIFFERENCE
ENGINE
• Charles Babbage designed this
steam driven calculating machine
about the size of the room. The
machine intended to solve tables
of numbers, such as logarithm
tables which was use in
navigations.
• The difference engine should be
capable or calculating 20-decimal
capacity of solving mathematical
problems.
Difference Engine
 ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
• Charles Babbage conceived a new
machine, called the analytical engine.
He got the mechanism of Jacquard’s
loom.
• The analytical engine is
programmable, it is as large as a
house with 6 steam engines.
• This machine also uses conditional
statement to perform calculations.

Analytical Engine
 Hollerith's desk
• Herman Hollerith, an American
engineer who invented the Hollerith
desk.
• He used the same idea in Jacquard’s
loom.
• The machine consisted of a card
reader which sensed the holes in the
card, a gear driven mechanism which
could count using Pascal’s
mechanism and a large wall of dial
indicators to display the result of the
count.

Hollerith's desk
 Harvard Mark I
• The Harvard Mark 1, also known as the IBM
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC), was an early electromechanical
computer designed by Howard Aiken
• The Harvard Mark 1 played a key role in the
development of nuclear warfare, as it was
used to help design the first atomic bombs.
• The Harvard Mark 1 was the first computer
that could be programmed to solve any
number of problems, rather than built to solve
one specific thing. Harvard Mark I
• The Harvard Mark 1 was used continuously by
 ENIAC
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Computer) was the world's first
general-purpose electronic computer.
• ENIAC is also considered the world's first
programmable computer, although
programming the computer was a
complex, manual process that could take
days.
• It was Turing-complete and able to solve
"a large class of numerical problems"
through reprogramming.
ENIAC Computer
 EDVAC

• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete

Variable Automatic Computer .
• The First Stored Programed Computer .
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952 .
• It has memory to hold both a Stored
Program as well as Data .

EDVAC Computer
 UNIVAC
• The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer I) was the first general-purpose
electronic digital computer design for
business application produced in the
United States.
• It was designed principally by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of
the ENIAC.
• This computer was faster and smaller than
ENIAC and MARK 1 computer .

UNIAC Computer
IBM 650
• The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-
Processing Machine is an early digital
computer produced by IBM in the mid-
1950s.
• It was the first mass produced computer
in the world. Almost 2,000 systems were
produced, the last in 1962, and it was the
first computer to make a meaningful
profit.
IBM 650
 Apple Computer

• It was the first successful personal computer

company and the popularizer of the graphical
user interface.
• Apple Computer, Inc. was founded on April 1,
1976, by college dropouts Steve Jobs and
Steve Wozniak.
• As of March 2023, Apple is the world's largest
company by market capitalization, and with
US$394.3 billion the largest technology Apple Computers
company by 2022 revenue.
 IBM Personal Computer

• The IBM PC (International Business

Machines Personal Computer) is a line of
personal computers developed and
manufactured by IBM. Introduced in 1981,
the IBM PC became a standard for
personal computing.

• The IBM PC was first introduced by IBM in

August 1981.
IBM Personal Computer
Generations of
Computers
 Computer

Each generation of
computer is
The computer has designed based on
The evolution of
evolved from a a new technological
computer to the
large-sized simple development,
current state is
calculating machine resulting in better,
defined in terms of
to a smaller but cheaper and
the generations of
much more smaller computers
computer.
powerful machine. that are more
powerful, faster and
efficient than their
predecessors.
First Generation Computers
(1940-1956)
• The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube
containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of
electric current.) for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory.
• They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
• First generation computers relied on machine language.
• They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions(defect or
breakdown).
• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-
generation computing devices.
First Generation
Computers
Advantages :
• It was only electronic device.
• First device to hold memory .
Disadvantages :
• Too bulky i.e large in size.
• Vacuum tubes burn frequently.
• They were producing heat.
• Maintenance problems .
Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers.
• Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.
• High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN.
• These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory.
Second Generation
Computers

Advantages :
• Size reduced considerably
• The very fast
• Very much reliable
Disadvantages :
• They over heated quickly
• Maintenance problems
Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971)
• The development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on siliconchips, called semiconductors.
• Instead of punched cards and printouts,
users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with
an operating system.
• Allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time.
 Third Generation
Computers

Advantages :
• ICs are very small in size
• Improved performance
• Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :
• ICs are sophisticated
 Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-present)
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip.
• The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer.
• From the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls—on a single chip.
• . Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fourth Generation
Computer
Advantages
• Microprocessors
• Increased storage capacity
• Improved user interface
• Greater connectivity
• Multi-tasking

Disadvantages
• Cost and Complexity
• Dependence on electricity
• Limited battery life
• Software compatibility
Fifth Generation Computers
(present and beyond)
• Fifth generation computing devices, based
on artificial intelligence .
• Are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition.
• The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and
self-organization.
 Fifth Generation
Computers

Advantages
• ULSI technology
• Portable and easy to handle.
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Faster processing speed.
Disadvantages
• Sophisticated and complex tools.
• Implementation cost is very high
• Ethical concerns
Types Of
Computer
One the basis of working .
 Analog Computer

• In the Analog computer, for solving problems use some

physical facts continuously variable such as
mechanical, hydraulic and electrical
• They have high power consumption.
• They are less reliable than digital computers.
• These computers use signal generators and a network
of resistors and capacitors.
• They have very low or limited memory.
• The speed of analog computers is comparatively low.
Digital Computer
• It is multipurpose machine.
• It has large memory space.
• The accuracy of this computer is very
high.
• It is versatile in nature.
• Digital computer works on binary form,
i.e. 0s and 1s.
 Hybrid Computer

• A “hybrid computer” used to mean a

machine that had both analog and
digital elements.
• Reliable and provide accurate result .
• Work fast and Speedy .
• Given output in both graphic and
numeric form .
 Classification
Of Computer
On the basis of size , speed ,
processing , power and price .
 Personal Computer
A personal computer (PC) is a multi-
purpose microcomputer whose size,
capabilities, and price make it
feasible for individual use.

• A single-user computer
• Can be useful at School, Home,
etc.
• Known as Micro Computer
• Laptop, Desktop
 Mobile Devices
Mobile device is a general term
for any handheld computer or
smartphone.

• Small enough to hold .

• Operate in the hand.
• Flat LCD or OLED screen.
• Touchscreen interface.
• Digital or physical buttons.
 Minicomputer
A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a type
of smaller general-purpose computer
developed in the mid-1960s

• Smaller,
• Less expensive
• Less powerful than a mainframe
• More expensive and more powerful
• Supports multiprocessing and multi-tasking.
• Supports multiprocessing and multi-tasking.
 Mainframe Computer
A mainframe computer, informally called a
mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily
by large organizations for critical applications

• A powerful multi-user computer

• Capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously.
• Occupies specially wired, air-conditioned rooms
• Capable of great processing speeds and data
storage
 Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of
performance as compared to a general-purpose
computer.

• High capacity
• Used by very large organizations
o Tracking space
o Tracking weather
• An extremely fast computer
• Can perform hundreds of millions of instructions
per second
• Weather, scientific research can be done by these
types of computer.
 Embedded Computer
An embedded PC is essentially any computer
system that is designed for a specific use and
implemented as part of a larger device,
intelligent system, or installation.

• Processing data.
• Connecting to the internet.
• Interacting with other devices.
• Sophisticated Functionality.
• Real-Time Operation.
Information
Technology
 Information
Technology
• Information Technology ( IT ) is the
use of any computer ,
• Storage , networking and other
physical devices infrastructure and
processes to create , process ,
store , secure and exchange all
form of electronic data .
Advantages of IT

• Globalization .
• Communication .
• No Tiredness .
• Improve Efficiency .
• Decrease Rush .
• More Job Opporunities .
• Utility in shop .
• Utility at home
 Components of IT
Communication Network :
The exchange of information and data between two
or more devices that are connected to a network .

Computers :
A machine that can be programmed to carry out
sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
(computation) automatically.
Know-how :
Knowledge of the methods or techniques of doing
something, especially something technical or
practical.
THE END