ASSIGNMENT- 3

|| ELEMENT OF
TECHNOLOGY ||
TOPIC - TRANSDUCER
SESSION- 2020-2024

ASSIGNED BY – SUBMITTED BY-

PROF. UMANG MODI NITIN KUMAR PASWAN

WHAT IS TRANSDUCER?
• It is a device which converts one form of
energy into another.
• For example a mechanical transducer
converts any form of energy into
mechanical energy, optical transducer
converts any form of energy into light
energy.
• Although the accuracy of these
transducers is very high, the transducer
output can not be transmitted to remote
locations. To overcome these difficulties
electrical transducer are used.
SELECTION OF A TRANSDUCER
In measurement system first element to interact with the measurand is the transducer which converts
the measurand into electrical form. A transducer can be used to measure more than one physical
quantities or more than one transducer can be used to measure the same physical quantity.

1. Range- Amplitude and frequency range of the transducer should be large enough so that it can
encompass all the amplitudes and frequencies in input.
2. Sensitivity- The sensitivity of transducer should be high i.e for a change in input a measurable
change should take place in the output.
3. Electrical output characteristics- The electrical characteristics of transducer output impedance,
frequency response etc. of the transducer should match rest of the measuring system.
4. Environmental conditions- The transducer should immune to environmental conditions such as
change in temperature, humidity, vibration & shocks etc.
5. Error- Error present due to environmental conditions or these inherent in the transducer itself
should be so small that these can be controlled.
6. Accuracy- Accuracy of an transducer should be within the specified range so that input in the
specified range can be reliably measured.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
Transducers can be classified as :
1. On the basis of transduction
form used.
2. Primary and secondary
transducer.
3. Externally powered and self –
generating type.
4. Analog and digital transducers.
5. Inverse transducers.
• ON THE BASIS OF TRANSDUCTION
They convert the input quantity into resistance, inductance, capacitance etc. They can
be classified as piezoelectric, thermoelectric and optical.
• PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TRANSDUCER
Sometimes two transducers are used simultaneously. One senses the physical
parameters and converts into another physical quantity. The others converts
the physical output into electrical signal. For ex- Bourden’s tube & LVDT.
• EXTERNALLY POWERED TRANSDUCER
These transducers derive the power required for transduction from an
auxiliary power source. They also derive part of the power required for
conversion from the physical quantity under measurement. For ex- resistive,
inductive, & capacitive transducers.
• SELF GENERATING TRANSDUCERS
These transducers are those which do not require an auxiliary power source
to produce their output. They are known as ‘self generating type’ since they
develop their own voltage or current output. The energy required to
production of output signal is obtained from the physical quantity measured.
For ex- thermocouples, photovoltaic cells and piezoelectric crystals.
• ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSDUCERS
1. Analog transducer- Which converts the input quantity into an analog
output which is a continuous function of time. Ex- LVDT,
Thermocouple, Thermistor.
2. Digital transducer- Which converts the input quantity into an
electrical output which is in the form of pulses
• INVERSE TRANSDUCER
Inverse converts an electrical quantity into non- electrical quantity. It is a
precision actuator which has an electrical input and a low power non-
electrical output.
For ex- a piezoelectric crystal acts as an inverse transducer because when a
voltage is applied across its surface, it changes its direction causing a
mechanical displacement.
• RESISTIVE TRANSDUCER
It is a type of transducer that senses a change in the physical quantity to be
measure to cause a change in resistance. Resistive transducer are passive
type of transducer.
• STRAIN GAUGE-
Strain gauge is the most commonly used resistive transducer which work on the
principle that resistance of the strain gauge wire changes when strained. This
property of strain gauge is widely used to measure force, pressure,
displacement.
• INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER
In inductive transducer self inductance or mutual inductance of a.c excited coil
is varied by changes in the magnetic circuit. The most commonly used inductive
transducer is LVDT.
• LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
TRANSDUCER( LVDT )
It is a type of electrical transducer in the form of transducer used for
measuring linear displacement. In this type they has three coils placed end-
to-end around a tube. The centre coil is the primary and the two outer coils
are the secondary. A cylindrical ferromagnetic core, attached to the object
whose position is to be measured, slides along the axis of the tube. An
alternating current is passes through the primary, casing a voltage to be
induced in each secondary proportional to its mutual inductance with the
primary. The frequency is usually in the range 1 to 10 kHz.
As the core moves, these mutual inductances change, causing the voltages
induced in the secondary windings(coils) to change. The coils are
connected in reverse series, so that output voltages is the difference
between the two secondary voltages. When the core is in its central
position, equal but opposite voltages are induced in these two coils, so
output voltages is zero.
When the core is displayed in one direction, the voltage in one coil
increases as the other decreases, causing the output voltage to increase
from zero to a maximum. This voltage is in phase with the primary voltage.
The phase of the voltage indicates the direction of the displacement.
ADVANTAGES OF LVDT
The sliding core does not touch the inside of case, it can move without friction
which males LVDT a reline device. Hence it can be sealed against the
environment.
USES OF LVDT
1. It is widely used for displacement measurement.
2. Along with bourden tube LVDT can be used for measurement of pressure.
3. LVDT are also commonly used for position feedback in servomechanisms.
4. LVDT are also used in automated measurement in machine tools.
• PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
A piezoelectric sensor/transducer is a device that uses
the piezoelectric effect to pressure, acceleration, strain
force by converting them to an electrical signal.
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
The piezoelectric phenomenon corresponds to generation of an
electrical potential on the surface of some crystals ( quartz,
tourmaline, etc.) when they are mechanically deformed. The
reversed effect i.e, when the crystal is placed into an oscillation
electrical field, the piezoelectric crystal starts mechanically to
vibrate with same frequency.
Piezoelectric transducer are rugged, and have an extremely high
natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide
amplitude range.
One advantages of piezoelectric transducer is that they cannot
be used for true static measurements. A static force will result in
a fixed amount of charges on the piezoelectric material.
• Advantages of the transducers:
1. The electrical output of the transducer can be easily used, transmitted and
processed for the purpose of measurement.
2. The electrical systems can be controlled with a very small level of power.
3. The data transmission through mechanical means is eliminated. Thus no
mechanical wear and tear and no possibility of mechanical failures exist.
4. The output can be indicated and must be recorded remotely from the
sensing element
• Disadvantages of the transducers
1. he electrical transducer has costly
2. While designing the circuit the effects of aging and also drifts of
parameters of active components must be considered. This makes the
design is too much complicated
THANK YOU