What is electricity

Electricity is a type of energy that can

build up in one place or flow from one
place to another. It is a generated by
friction, induction, or chemical change,
having magnetic, chemical, and radiant
effect. When electricity gathers in one
place it is known as static electricity (the
word static means something that does
not move); electricity that moves from
one place to another is called current
electricity. In short, electricity is electrons
in motion.
A fundamental quantity in nature
consisting of electrons and protons at
rest or in motion.
electricity
Two types of Electricity
• STATIC ELECTRICITY • DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
A type of electricity that is formed A type of electricity produced by a
from the electric charges that moving charges along a conductor
remain on an object, this also wire also called electricity in
called electricity at rest motion
 6 Basic Source of Electricity
• 1. Friction
• 2. Chemical reaction
• 3. Light
• 4. Heat
• 5. Pressure
• 6. Magnetism
 Friction
is a force between two surfaces that are sliding, or trying to slide, across
each other. ... Friction always works in the direction opposite to the
direction in which the object is moving, or trying to move. Friction always
slows a moving object down.
Electricity can be produced by rubbing materials together. This is the least
efficient way of generating electricity. An example would be, if a cloth rubs
against an object, the object will display an effect called static electricity.
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the
surface of a material. The charge remains until it can move away by means
of an electric current or electrical discharge.
 Chemical Reaction
• A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances,
also called reactants, are converted to one or more different
substances, known as products.
• Energy produced by chemical reaction in a voltaic cell or a battery. A
battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to
electrical energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow
of electrons from one material (electrode) to another, through an
external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that
can be used to do work. To balance the flow of electrons, charged
ions also flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with
both electrodes.
 Light
• is a source of illumination, whether a natural one (like the sun) or an
artificial one (like your lamp).
• Electricity is produced by light being absorbed by photoelectric cells
by taking advantage of the photoelectric effect. The sun's rays can be
used to produce electrical energy. The direct user of sunlight is the
solar cell or photovoltaic cell, which converts sunlight directly into
electrical energy without the incorporation of a mechanical device.
 Heat
• is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by
mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
• Electricity is produced by heating the junction where two unlike
metals are joined: This effect is known as the Seebeck effect.
Materials that exhibit this effect are called thermoelectric materials
which are used to create a thermoelectric generator (TEG).
Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a solid-state device that converts
heat flux (temperature differences) directly into electrical energy.
 Pressure
• is defined as the force divided by the area perpendicular to the force over
which the force is applied.
• Electricity is produced by compressing or decompressing specific crystals.
The molecules of some crystals and ceramics are permanently polarised:
some parts of the molecule are positively charged, while other parts are
negatively charged. These materials produce an electric charge when the
material changes dimension because of an imposed external force. The
charge produced is referred to as piezoelectricity. Many crystalline
materials such as the natural crystals of quartz and rochelle salted
together with manufactured polycrystalline ceramics such as lead titanate
zirconate and barium titanate exhibit piezoelectric effects.
Magnetism
• Is a force exerted by magnetic substance when attract or repel each
other.
• Electricity is produced in a conductor that cuts or is cut by magnetic
lines of force. The most useful and widely employed application of
magnetism is in the production of electrical energy. The mechanical
power needed to assist in this production is provided by several
different sources. These sources are called prime movers, and include
diesel, petrol, and natural gas engines. Coal, oil, natural gas, biomass,
and nuclear energy are energy sources that are used to heat water to
produce super-heated steam.
Conductor
• Is an object or type of
material that allows the
flow of charge (electrical
current) in one or more
directions. Materials made
of metal are common
electrical conductors.
Ex. Gold, silver, copper,
aluminum, brass, tin, steel
etc.
Insulators

is a material that does not easily

allow flow of electricity through an
electric current.
Ex. Rubber, glass, oil, dry wood
Etc.
Voltage

is also called electromotive force; is a quantitative expression of the

potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.
It is measured in volts (V).
Current
Is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit,
measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes (A).
Direct Current

Is defined as the "unidirectional" flow of current; current only flows in

one direction. Voltage and current can vary over time so long as the
direction of flow does not change. To simplify things, we will assume
that voltage is a constant
Alternating Current
Is the "alternating" flow of current; current oscillates back and forth
between positive and negative polarity
Load
Is an electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes
(active) electric power, such as electrical appliances and lights inside
the home.
Electrical Source/Supply
Is the origin of electrical energy inside a circuit.
Switch
A device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit.
Electrical circuit

Is a closed complete path of the current. Includes electricity source, a

conductor, and the output device or load.
Complete circuit