COMMUNICATION

FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
Chapter 8
Presented by: GROUP 7
Learning Outcomes At the end of the
lesson, the students should be able to:
✓ write and present academic paper using appropriate type, style, conventions, and
reference styles,
✓ adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas,
✓ convey ideas through oral, audio-visual and or web-based presentations for different
target audience in local and global setting using appropriate registers.
What are communication for academic purpose?

many people intuitively know the proper way to communicate in different settings. For instance,
the way you speak to your friends is usually different from the way you speak to your parents.
Academic communication also called scholarly communication, refers to methods of
communication that are highly structured and generally only used in pedagogical settings.
Academic communication can include the words and structures used to express ideas, as well as
the methods by which ideas are disseminated.
Basic skills in academic communication
because the ways in which academics communicate must often be learned, schools
sometimes offer courses designed to teach or improve this communication skills.
• Students will be taught advanced vocabulary, proper grammar, reading
comprehension, and verbal expression. They will learn how to write in a formal tone
and politely address the reader
• students might also learn about academia-specific topics
• one element of academic communication that people usually learn in college is
how to formulate a thesis or academic argument.
Communication in a research based journal
• Research based Journal is usually a peer-viewed journal containing researches of students, professors,
and institutional organizations in the form of a thesis, dissertation, research papers, and case studies.
• The journal is under the management of an editorial staff and supervised by the institutional officials.
• Articles published in this journal are for academic consumption and therefore, free of charge. Others
are paid for the articles they published
• People have begun to challenge and complement traditional academic publishing. This is a welcome
communication research in the contemporary world.
• Copies of traditionally published journals are placed in the school/company Libraries. Other copies are
sent to other schools and CHED offices.
Communication in academic papers
• Academic papers are scholarly written materials that follow the requirements of tone,
diction, styles, voice, etc. appropriate to a target audience or culture. Academic papers
include but not limited to, term papers, thesis, dissertations, case studies, and research papers.

Style in academic papers

• Style includes diction and tone. The main goal in considering style is to present your
information in a manner appropriate for both the audience and the purpose of the writing.
Consistency is vital. Switching styles can distract the reader and diminish the believability of
the paper’s argument.
Diction
• Diction is word choice. When writing, use vocabulary suited for the type of academic papers. Words that have almost the
same denotation (dictionary meaning) can have very different connotations (implied meanings).
Examples:
Formal Diction: is not dismissed Casual Diction: is not fired Slang (very informal): ain’t kicked out

Besides the level of formality, also consider positive or negative connotations of the words chosen.
Examples:
Positive: Cutting the grass
Negative: Slashing the grass
• Some types of diction are almost never advisable in writing. Avoid clichés, vagueness (language that has more than one
equally probable meaning), wordiness, and unnecessarily complex language.
Tone
• maybe objective or subjective, logical or emotional, intimate or distant, serious or
homorous.
• can consists of long intricate sentences of short, simple ones or of something in between.
• There is some freedom of self-expression while adapting to the audience. In the same way,
writing should change to suit the occasion
Tone vs. Voice
Anything you write should still have your voice: something that makes your writing sound uniquely
like you. A personal conversation with a friend differs from a speech given to a large group of strangers.
Just as you speak to different people in different ways yet remain yourself, so the tone of your writing can
vary with the situation while the voice the essential, individual thoughts and expression is still your own.
Examples:
1. From Miles Davis: “Don’t play what’s there, play what’s not there”
2. From Arthur Schnabel: “The notes I handle, no better than many pianists. But the pauses between the
notes – ah, that is where the art resides.”

The above musicians expressed the same thoughts in their own unique voices.
Style
When writing a term paper, the one thing you have to remember is to use authoritative sources.
These are vital if the paper is to persuade the intended audience. Reliable sources can be found
everywhere from the library down the street to the internet. Internet sources must be used
cautiously, since some sites are just run by wackos; nonetheless, some sites do provide quality
information.
• Once the writer has found her sources, she must remember to cite them properly in order to
avoid plagiarism.
•To sum it up, academic writing should be objective. If it is subjective or emotional.
The language of academic writing should be impersonal, with appropriate style, tone, and diction,
including voice. Most importantly, a scholarly written paper has to cite the sources of the statement or
articles that were used verbatimly.
 APPROPRIATE TONE
IN
BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION
Chapter 8
Presented by: GROUP 7
■ In a business environment, written communication allows for deliberation, revision,
and correction, unlike verbal communication. It is important to review and proofread
business writing for errors before sending it, as once it is sent, it cannot be changed.
Tone and language are more difficult to convey in written communication compared to
verbal communication, as body language and intonations are not present. Written
communication lacks the immediate exchange of nonverbal signals present in verbal
communication. To effectively convey a message in writing, intuition, instinct, and
attention to detail are essential. Tone in written communication can replicate the impact
of verbal exchanges on others.
■ The great writer John Steinbeck said: “Your audience is one single reader. I have found
that sometimes it helps to pick out one person… a real person you know, or an imagined
person – and write to that one.”
When you are writing the business document, keep the following things in mind:

• Always be confident.
• Be sincere.
• Use appropriate words and avoid jargon.
• Avoid discriminatory language.
• Always stress the positives and the benefits for the reader.
• Write in an active voice instead of a passive voice.
• Want to learn more? Take an online course in Business Writing
• Be friendly but maintain an appropriate level of professionalism.
• Be sensitive to cultural differences between you and your reader.
• Use neutral job titles.
• Avoid using masculine pronouns if addressing a mixed audience.
• Use a neutral salutation if you do not know the gender of your reader.
■ In essence, conveying a negative message with the right tone is tough because
negativity is easily picked up by readers. Avoiding emotions like anger and cynicism is
key.
Awareness of Audience and Context in
Presenting Ideas
■ Considering your audience is crucial when presenting ideas. Whether your audience is
broad or specific, or even if you’re writing for yourself, being mindful of them helps in
deciding what to include, how to structure your writing, and how to support your
argument effectively. Reflect on how your audience shapes your writing by envisioning
sharing your first month of college with your grandmother versus your best friend. The
details, stories, and tone would likely differ significantly based on who you’re
addressing, highlighting the impact of audience on content, structure, and tone.
Isn’t my instructor my audience?
■ Yes, your instructor is probably the actual audience for your paper. Your instructor read
and grade your essays, and you want to keep her needs and perspectives in mind when
you write. When focusing solely on your instructor while writing an essay, you may
omit crucial details or explanations, assuming she understands more than you do and
will fill in the gaps. However, this approach can lead to misunderstandings, where the
instructor might interpret the gaps as a lack of understanding. For instance, assuming
she knows about communism without explanation could result in a low grade. This
highlights the risk of considering the instructor as the only audience.
■ Thinking differently about your audience enhances your writing clarity and
effectiveness, as seen in your ability to explain complex topics like communism simply
and clearly to your instructor, thus improving communication.
To identify your audience and understand their expectations, consider the following questions:

• Who is your audience?

• Might you have more than one audience? If so, how many audiences do you have? List them.
• Does your assignment itself give any clue about your audience?
• What does your audience need? What do they want? What do they value?
• What is most important to them?
• What are they least likely to care about?
• What kind of organization would best help your audience understand and appreciate your
argument?
• What do you have to say (or what are you doing in your research) that might surprise your
audience?
• What do you want your audience to think, learn, or assume about you? What impression do
you want your writing or your research to convey?
■ Once you’ve defined your audience, determine the best way to present your ideas,
whether through oral, audio-visual, or web-based formats.
 CONVEYING IDEAS THROUGH
ORAL PRESENTATION
In oral presentation of ideas, there are five (5) tips to remember for an effective presentation:
1. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE
□ During your talk, it’s crucial to engage your audience by ensuring they can understand your technical details, as
complexity isn’t necessary but rather an inconvenience.
2. BE RECOGNIZED
● Ensure sufficient time for your 15- or 45-minute talk to deliver the desired information in a calm manner, including
ample time for questions and answers.
● Be able to summarize your presentation in five minutes.
● Be concise. Use your space wisely. Use illustrations. Check grammar, spelling, and lay out of each slide.
● Keep an outline with you during the presentation; it will help you stay on track.
● Prepare back up slides. These will come in handy if a question comes up about a topic that needs further explanation.
3. PRACTICE YOUR PRESENTATION
□ Practice your talk to ensure flow, but don’t overdo it by memorizing the entire talk, as this will
bore you and your audience.
4. BE PROFESSIONAL
● Know what you are presenting and be ready to answer question during and after the presentation.
● Do not answer questions vaguely. A knowledgeable scientist is specific and accurate with his/her
information.
5. BE AWARE OF TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
□ Choose a presentation format that aligns with your speech style and be prepared for technical
issues, such as loading a PowerPoint presentation in case of failure.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ORAL PRESENTATION
□ Oral presentations are a valuable way to communicate basic science or clinical research, as they allow
the presenter to convey scientific information in a short amount of time. However, poor presentations can
cause confusion. To deliver a successful talk, the presenter should be organized, prepared, and enthusiastic
about the research, and there are no rules for order or format.

GENERAL GUIDELINE IN DESIGNING ORAL PRESENTATION

1. Title (include authors and affiliations)
2. Introduction (Background, Purpose, Hypothesis)
3. Method (A brief introduction to the methodology without too much technical Jargon)
4. Results (Use graphs/charts/table, provide an extra slide/transparency with a summary of the results,
Explain the results)
5. Conclusions/Discussion (Clear explanation of the results, Clinica implications)
6. Future work (Provide information on where the project is headed)
7. Acknowledgment
PRESENTATION PROPER
● Do not go over the time limit.
● Speak clearly and concisely. Be coherent. Do not ramble, play with the pointer, or move around
in circles.
● Dress appropriately.
● Make eye contact.
● Make sure that each slide/transparency is not cluttered with too many points and ideas. Graphs,
tables, and charts should be clearly labeled and easy to interpret.
● Practice your talk, but do not memorize a script.
● Be visually and orally interesting.
● Answer questions in a calm, non-condescending manner; do not argue with or interrupt the
questioner.
● Be polite and graceful.
● Give a presentation that is focused with one underlying message.
CONVEYING IDEAS THROUGH VISUAL PRESENTATION
□ Visual aids and good public speaking skills are crucial for creating effective
presentations, with personal talents refined through practice and experience. Emphasis is
placed on visual aids for success.

DESIGNING THE PRESENTATION

□ To create an effective presentation, establish objectives, plan and organize material, and
use visual aids. These ingredients should be used in order, with objectives being the first
step. Visual aids help illustrate and emphasize ideas more effectively than words alone.
ESTABLISHING THE OBJECTIVES
□ Identifying objectives is crucial for a successful presentation, as they guide the audience
towards end goals. Careful planning is necessary to establish these objectives, which form
the foundation of content, organization, and visual aids.
● Select appropriate points of emphasis in your presentation
● Develop a useful level of detail
● Choose and prepare appropriate visual aids
● Create a tone that is sensitive to your audience’s circumstance

Your presentation should bridge the gap between your product and your audience’s needs,
allowing audience analysis to shape the presentation’s content
× Planning and Organizing Your Material
When you have already determined the characteristics of your audience, then you are ready to plan and
organize your material. The tips listed below will assist you in tailoring your approach accordingly. Keep in
mind that the use of visual aids will help to produce effective one-way or two-way communication. Many
factors are involved in choosing these visual aids, and the type of interaction you want to develop with the
audience will influence your choice.

× Planning Your Material

• Do not wait to prepare your presentation while on your way to the training session. You cannot do your
best at presenting or persuading by “winging it”
• At a minimum, prepare an outline of goals, major issues to be discussed, and information to be presented
to support main themes
• Limit content to your major point and no more than five key supporting points
• Analyze your audience. Prepare your content considering such things As whether they are likely to be
friendly or unfriendly, lay or technical in their background, and whether they want only to listen or to
respond and contribute
• Select appropriate visual aids and a presentation style that will be effective in the physical setting for
your training session
Organizing Your Material
When organizing your material, consider an “old chestnut” of public speaking – “Tell ‘em
what you’re going to tell ‘em; tell ‘em; and tell ‘em what you told ‘em.” This
recommendation:

• Recognizes the importance of reinforcement in adult learning

• Completes the communication for the listener
• Informs people who arrive late of what they missed
• Recognizes the importance of organization, highlighting, and summarizing main
points for the audience
• Serves to clarify main themes for the audience at the end of the presentation
Using Visual Aids
• Visual aids help the presentation vividly clear and easy to understand. Visual aids help you
reach your objectives by providing emphasis to whatever is being said.
• Visual aids add impact and interest to a presentation. They enable you to appeal to more than
one sense at the same time, thereby increasing the audience’s understanding and retention level.
People tend to be eye-minded, and the impacts visual aids bring to a presentation are, indeed,
significant. The studies, below, reveal interesting statistics that support these findings:
• In many studies, experimental psychologists and educators have found that retention of
information three days after a meeting or other event is six times greater when information is
presented by visual and oral means than when the information is presented by the spoken word
alone.
• Studies by educational researchers suggest that approximately 83% of human learning occurs
visually, and the remaining 17% through the other senses- 11% through hearing, 3.5% through
smell, 1% through taste, and 1.5% through touch.
• The studies suggest that three days after an event, people retain 10% of what they heard from an
oral presentation, 35% from a visual presentation, and 65% from a visual and oral presentation.
ADDING THE VISUAL DIMENSION

• Visuals add an important dimension to a presentation, and you, the speaker, must
capitalize on this dimension. It is critical that you prepare visual aids that reinforce your
major points, stimulate your audience, and work well in the physical setting of your
presentation.
• Visual aids and audio-visuals include a wide variety of communication products,
including flip charts, overhead transparencies, slides, audio-slide shows, and video tapes.
Demonstrating a process or simply passing around a sample of some equipment or model
are also effective way to clarify messages visually.
Tips on preparing visual Aids
1. Start with at least a rough outline of the goal and major points of the presentation
before selecting the visual aid(s).
2. Each element must be simple.
3. Determine the difference between what you will say and what the visual aid will show.
4. Ask your audience to read or listen.
5. Give participants paper copies of various graphic aids used in your presentation.
6. Asses your cost constraints.
7. Account for production time in your planning and selection.
8. Use local photographs and examples when discussing problems and issues.
9. Use charts and graphs.
10. Develop sketch and graphs to convey various designs and plans.
11. When preparing graphics, make sure they are not too crowded in detail.
12. Do not use visual aids for persuasive statements.
13. If you have handouts, don’t let them become a distraction during the presentation
14. Practice presenting the full program using graphic materials so you are familiar with
their use and order.
15. Seek feedback on the clarity of your visuals.
Conveying ideas through web based presentation

Web-based presentation software offers numerous opportunities for educational

institution managers, business owners, and online entrepreneurs to reach a wider audience.
These tools help translate raw information into visual elements, breaking distance barriers
and allowing for real-time data viewing. They help gather materials, present data, and
conduct presentations effectively, whether for clients, colleagues, future employers, or co-
students. Some of the best web presentation software make the presenting experience
smoother, making it a valuable tool for online entrepreneurs and presenters.
Four Best Web Based Presentation Software

✓ Custom Show: is a web-based presentation software that focuses on incorporating

branding elements into presentations. Users can create and customize branded
presentations, access analytics, and import presentations from other software for further
customization. This software is particularly useful for marketing and sales purposes.
✓ Slides: is another widely used web presentation software that offers mobile-friendly
packages and real-time data presentation capabilities. It allows users to create and present
slides using their mobile phones.
✓ Zoho Docs: is a popular web-based presentation software known for its user-friendly
interface and free storage options. Users can access a variety of themes, share their work via
email or website embedding, and utilize touch features for easier navigation on large
displays.
Prezi Business: offers users rich and interactive presentations that can be edited in real-
time with colleagues. It aims to provide high-quality online presentations that can be
seamlessly delivered anywhere. Users can also export presentations in various formats, and
it is compatible with both Windows and Mac operating systems

Conclusion:
In conclusion, these web-based presentation software options offer diverse features catering
to different user needs, ranging from branding and analytics to real-time collaboration and
video conferencing capabilities.
 THANK YOUU

Chapter 8
Presented by: GROUP 7