IGCSE CHEMISTRY

SECTION 2 LESSON 2
 Content

The iGCSE
Section 1 Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry
course Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements

Section 3 Organic Chemistry

Section 4 Physical Chemistry

Section 5 Chemistry in Society

 Content

Section 2
a) The Periodic Table
b) Group 1 Elements
Chemistry c) Group 7 Elements
of the d) Oxygen and Oxides
Elements e) Hydrogen and Water
f) Reactivity Series
g) Tests for ions and gases
 Content
c) Group 7 elements — chlorine, bromine and iodine

Lesson 2
2.9 recall the colours and physical states of the elements at room temperature
2.10 make predictions about the properties of other halogens in this group
2.11 understand the difference between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid
2.12 explain, in terms of dissociation, why hydrogen chloride is acidic in water but not in
methylbenzene
2.13 describe the relative reactivities of the elements in Group 7

c)Group 7 2.14 describe experiments to demonstrate that a more reactive halogen will displace a
less reactive halogen from a solution of one of its salts

elements
2.15 understand these displacement reactions as redox reactions.

d)Oxygen d) Oxygen and oxides

2.16 recall the gases present in air and their approximate percentage by volume

and oxides
2.17 explain how experiments involving the reactions of elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be used to investigate the percentage by volume of oxygen
in air
2.18 describe the laboratory preparation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide,using
manganese(IV) oxide as a catalyst
2.19 describe the reactions of magnesium, carbon and sulfur with oxygen in air, and the
acid-base character of the oxides produced
2.20 describe the laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid
2.21 describe the formation of carbon dioxide from the thermal decomposition of metal
carbonates such as copper(II) carbonate
2.22 describe the properties of carbon dioxide, limited to its solubility and density
2.23 explain the use of carbon dioxide in carbonating drinks and in fire extinguishers, in
terms of its solubility and density
2.24 understand that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and may contribute to climate
change.
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS
All have seven
electrons in their
outer shell. To
become stable
they gain an
electron and carry
a charge of -1.
eg. Br- I- Cl-
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS

Five non-metals
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS

Five non-metals

Low melting and

boiling points,
increasing going
down the group
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

Gas All have coloured

vapours. Chlorine and
Gas
bromine are extremely
Liquid pungent (causing a
sharp or irritating
Solid sensation)

Solid
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS
are diatomic –
this means that
they go around
as paired atoms.
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS
are diatomic – Cl2
this means that
they go around
as paired atoms.

Br2
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

The HALOGENS
are diatomic – Cl2
this means that
they go around
as paired atoms.

Brittle and crumbly

when solid. Br2
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

Poor conductors
of heat and
electricity, even
when solid or
liquid.
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

Going down Poor conductors

the group, the of heat and
halogens electricity, even
become less when solid or
reactive. liquid.
Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine
and iodine

Halogens react with other non-metallic

elements, such as hydrogen, to form molecular
compounds:

Eg. hydrogen + chlorine  hydrogen chloride

H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)
 What’s the difference between
hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid
(they both have the same chemical
formula – HCl)
 What’s the difference between
hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid
(they both have the same chemical
formula – HCl)

Hydrogen chloride is gaseous at

room temperature.
Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous
solution of hydrogen chloride –
i.e. dissolved in water.
 Explain, in terms of
dissociation, why
hydrogen chloride is
acidic in water but not
in methylbenzene
 Explain, in terms of
dissociation, why
hydrogen chloride is
acidic in water but not
in methylbenzene

?
 Explain, in terms of
dissociation, why
hydrogen chloride is
acidic in water but not
in methylbenzene

?
“To separate, or split, into
smaller particles or ions”
Hydrogen
chloride?
Hydrogen
chloride?

Hydrogen chloride is a
covalent compound.
However, when dissolved in
water it dissociates to the
separate ions, H+ and CL-.
The H+ ion gives it acidic
properties.
Hydrogen
chloride?

When dissolved in an
organic solvent, such as
methylbenzene, hydrogen
chloride does not dissociate
into separate ions, so does
not show acidic properties.
Hydrogen
chloride?

When dissolved in an
organic solvent, such as
methylbenzene, hydrogen
chloride does not dissociate
into separate ions, so does
not show acidic properties.
Reactions of the halogens
Halogens react with metals to produce ionic salts

The halogen atom gains one electron to form the

halide ion which carries a charge of -1

eg. Lithium + chlorine  lithium chloride

2Li(s) + Cl2(g)  2LiCl(s)

Reactions of the halogens
Halogens react with metals to produce ionic salts

The halogen atom gains one electron to form the

halide ion which carries a charge of -1

eg. Lithium + chlorine  lithium chloride

2Li(s) + Cl2(g)  2LiCl(s)

YouTube video: comparing the four halogens

Reactions of the halogens
Summary:

Halogens + Hydrogen  hydrogen halides

HF, HCl, HBr, HI

All four are gases and very soluble in water

Halogens + Aluminium  Aluminium trihalides

AlF3, AlCl3, AlBr3, AlI3

All four are white solids

Describe experiments to
demonstrate that a more
reactive halogen will
displace a less reactive
halogen from a solution
of one of its salts
Describe experiments to
demonstrate that a more
reactive halogen will
displace a less reactive
halogen from a solution
of one of its salts

?
Describe experiments to
demonstrate that a more
reactive halogen will
displace a less reactive
halogen from a solution
of one of its salts

“In a displacement reaction a

?
more reactive element will
displace a less reactive element
from a compound.”
Halogen displacement
reactions

Remember that the reactivity of the

halogens decreases as we go down the
group, so Fluorine is the most reactive
halogen, and Astatine is the least
reactive – can you explain this trend in
terms of the number of electron
shells? (hint – think back to the Alkali
metals)
 Halogen displacement
reactions
A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen
from an aqueous solution of its salt.

e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

 Halogen displacement
reactions
A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen
from an aqueous solution of its salt.

e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

Cl2

KI
solution
Displaced
iodine
 Halogen displacement
reactions
A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen
from an aqueous solution of its salt.

e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

Potassium Potassium Potassium
Cl2 chloride bromide Iodide
KCl KBr KI

X
Chlorine Bromine + Iodine +
Cl2 KCl KCl

KI
X
Bromine Iodine +
solution Br2
No reaction
KBr
Displaced

X
iodine Iodine
No reaction No reaction
I2
 Understand these
displacement reactions as
redox reactions
 Understand these
displacement reactions as
redox reactions

?
 Understand these
displacement reactions as
redox reactions

“A redox reaction is where

?
both oxidation and reduction
occur.”
 Redox
reaction?
Hydrogen
chloride?

The loss of electrons from

an atom is known as
oxidation.
The gain of electrons is
known as reduction.
Hydrogen
chloride?

Remember
OILRIG

Oxidation Is Loss = OIL

Reduction Is Gain = RIG

Hydrogen
chloride?

Remember
OILRIG

Oxidation Is Loss = OIL

Reduction Is Gain = RIG

 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-
 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

iodine loses 2e- (2I-  I2)

 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

iodine loses 2e- (2I-  I2)

 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

iodine loses 2e- (2I-  I2)

iodine has been oxidised
 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

chlorine gains 2e- (Cl2  2Cl-)

 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

chlorine gains 2e- (Cl2  2Cl-)

 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

chlorine gains 2e- (Cl2  2Cl-)

chlorine has been reduced
 Halogen displacement
reactions
e.g. potassium iodide + chlorine  potassium chloride + iodine

2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

2K+ 2I- 2K+ 2Cl-

chlorine gains 2e- (Cl2  2Cl-)

chlorine has been reduced

In a REDOX reaction there is simultaneous

oxidation and reduction. In this reaction, iodine
has been oxidised, chlorine has been reduced.
 Content
c) Group 7 elements — chlorine, bromine and iodine

Lesson 2
2.9 recall the colours and physical states of the elements at room temperature
2.10 make predictions about the properties of other halogens in this group
2.11 understand the difference between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid
2.12 explain, in terms of dissociation, why hydrogen chloride is acidic in water but not in
methylbenzene
2.13 describe the relative reactivities of the elements in Group 7

c)Group 7 2.14 describe experiments to demonstrate that a more reactive halogen will displace a
less reactive halogen from a solution of one of its salts

elements
2.15 understand these displacement reactions as redox reactions.

d)Oxygen d) Oxygen and oxides

2.16 recall the gases present in air and their approximate percentage by volume

and oxides
2.17 explain how experiments involving the reactions of elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be used to investigate the percentage by volume of oxygen
in air
2.18 describe the laboratory preparation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide,using
manganese(IV) oxide as a catalyst
2.19 describe the reactions of magnesium, carbon and sulfur with oxygen in air, and the
acid-base character of the oxides produced
2.20 describe the laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid
2.21 describe the formation of carbon dioxide from the thermal decomposition of metal
carbonates such as copper(II) carbonate
2.22 describe the properties of carbon dioxide, limited to its solubility and density
2.23 explain the use of carbon dioxide in carbonating drinks and in fire extinguishers, in
terms of its solubility and density
2.24 understand that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and may contribute to climate
change.
 Gases in the atmosphere
Percentage in dry
Gas
air
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon <1%
Carbon dioxide 0.04%

The atmosphere also contains

tiny amounts of a few other
gases and also varying
amounts of water vapour.
 explain how experiments
involving the reactions of
elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be
used to investigate the
percentage by volume of
oxygen in air
 explain how experiments
involving the reactions of
elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be
used to investigate the
percentage by volume of
oxygen in air
 explain how experiments
involving the reactions of
elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be
used to investigate the
percentage by volume of
oxygen in air

We can use the reaction between

hot copper and oxygen to
determine the percentage of
oxygen in the atmosphere:

Copper + Oxygen  Copper oxide

2Cu + O2  2CuO
 Oxygen in the air

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/
oils/changesrev5.shtml
 explain how experiments
involving the reactions of
elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be
used to investigate the
percentage by volume of
oxygen in air
Oxygen in the air

A measuring cylinder is
inverted into a beaker of
water. Previously, a piece of
iron wool had been placed
inside the measuring
cylinder. The apparatus is
left for a couple of days.
Oxygen in the air

As the iron wool rusts, it

absorbs oxygen from the air
inside the measuring
cylinder. When there is no
more change in the water
level, the height of water
inside the cylinder is
measured, and from this the
volume of oxygen in air can
be calculated.
 explain how experiments
involving the reactions of
elements such as copper, iron
and phosphorus with air can be
used to investigate the
percentage by volume of
oxygen in air
 Oxygen in the air
A bell jar is placed into a
trough of water. Coins are
placed for the bell jar to
rest on – this ensures that
water can move into the bell
jar. Water is poured in to
the bell jar to the zero level.
A piece of phosphorus is
placed on a watch glass
floating on the water
surface.

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-i/air-mixture/air-oxygen.php
 Oxygen in the air
The phosphorus is lit using a
hot metal rod and the top is
placed on the bell jar

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-i/air-mixture/air-oxygen.php
 Oxygen in the air
As the yellow phosphorus
starts to burn, the air space
inside the bell jar fills with
white fumes of phosphorus
oxide. This dissolves in the
water to form an acidic
solution.

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-i/air-mixture/air-oxygen.php
 Oxygen in the air
As the phosphorus burns it
reacts with the oxygen in
the air in the bell jar, so the
water level rises as the
oxygen is used up. When the
reaction ends, the
percentage of oxygen in the
air can be calculated from
the change in the water
level.

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-i/air-mixture/air-oxygen.php
The preparation of oxygen
in the laboratory
Oxygen can be prepared in the laboratory
by the catalytic decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide solution:
MnO2
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Manganese oxide is the catalyst used in

this reaction
The preparation of oxygen
in the laboratory

Hydrogen
peroxide
Oxygen

Manganese
oxide
 End of Section 2 Lesson 2

In this lesson we have covered:

Group 7 elements – chlorine, bromine

and iodine.

Gases in the atmosphere

Oxygen in the air