BIOENERGETICS

RIVAA MOHAMMAD
NADEEM
CLASS: IX (D)
 INTRODUCTION

• “The conversion of free energy into different forms of energy

by living organisms is called BIOENERGETICS”.

• It is the study of energy relationships, energy transformation

and transmission in living organisms.
 TO
O R M
N E F
M O
F R O
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E NE ER
O F O T H
I ON A N Y”
E R S RG
NV E N E
CO O F
I ON
V A T
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C O N
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“
 Energy of Life
 Energy= The ability to do work

 Living organisms depend on energy.

 Living things get energy from _______.

food

 The ultimate source of energy is the ___.

Sun
 E D
URRI
FOSSIL FUELS
B

PLANT FOOD COW LION

FOOD ENERGY HERBIVORE CARNIVORE

HEAT ENERGY WATER DAM

RIVER MECHANICAL ENERGY

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
ATP:- ENERGY STORING MOLECULE

ENERGY CURRENCY IN LIVING ORGANISM

• In living organisms energy is stored in a special molecule, called
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is formed when Adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) forms a bond with phosphate (P).
ADP + P 7.3 K. Cal/mol ATP (endergonic process )
• The amount of stored energy in ATP is 7.3 Kcal/mol. When this

ATP
energy is utilized ATP is changed into ADP again.
ATP ADP + P + 7.3 K. Cal/mol (exergonic process)

ENERGY
H2O

ENERGY
H2O
CONVERSION OF ATP to ADP
 Endergonic Reactions
• Chemical reaction that requires a net input of
energy.
• Photosynthesis SUN
Light
Energy
photons

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)

8
 Exergonic Reactions
• Chemical reactions that release energy
•Cellular Respiration Energy

ATP
6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+
C(glucose)

9
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The process in which plants manufacture
their own food material by the combination
of CO2, and H2O in the presence of sunlight
and chlorophyll in form of simple carbohydrates,
is called Photosynthesis.

(Carbon provider) (Hydrogen provider)

 Role of chloroplast in photosynthesis
• Chloroplast is a green plastid which is present in leaves and acts as
light trapping and storage organelle

• absorbs violet, blue and red light but reflects green

therefore it appears green
• Process of photosynthesis involves number of chemical reactions
catalyzed by number of enzymes, either in non-cyclic or cyclic way.
• Each reaction occurs at different site in chloroplast

 Non-Cyclic Process in Thylakoid

&
 Cyclic Process in Stroma
 Mechanism of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a complex process consisting of two steps
• (i) Light reaction or Light Dependent reaction
• (ii) Dark reaction or Light Independent reaction
Events in the Light Reaction

• Light energy is captured by chlorophyll located in

harvesting complex
• Light energy is converted into chemical energy
• Oxygen produced here is released in the environment
• Photolysis (splitting of water into oxygen and H+ with e – through light)
• Building of Glucose by H + together with CO2
• Formation of two Energy rich compounds; ATP and NADPH2
 ADP + P -------------------------------------> ATP
 NADP + 2H+ + 2e- -----------------------------------> NADPH2
• Storage of chemical energy in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH2,
(Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate)
 photosystems
• are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved
in photosynthesis.
• Are highly organized assemblies in a series
• carry out the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons
• Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
• There are two kinds of photosystems: PSI and PSII.
Photosystems

Photosystem I Photosystem II
Both have light harvesting
complex and an electron
transport system
 Events in the dark Reaction
• This phase of photosynthesis does not require energy of photon but
also takes place in day simultaneously with the light reaction
• occurs in cyclic form in the stroma of chloroplast .
• captured solar energy is transferred to glucose from ATP and NADPH 2
• fixation of CO2 occurs to form glucose.
• occurs independently, without light as long as ATP and NADPH 2 are
available.
• occurs in set of reactions also called Calvin – Benson Cycle or the C-3
(three Carbon Containing Compounds formed initially) Cycle.
 Requirements of the C-3 Cycle
1. CO2 - normally from air some of it also comes from
respiration.
2. CO2 Capturing Sugar - a Pentose Sugar.
3. Enzymes to catalyze all the reactions.
4. Energy from ATP and NADPH2 which comes from light
dependent reaction.
 FACTOrs affecting rate of photosynthesis
(limiting factors)

The limiting factors of photosynthesis are as follows:

• Light Intensity

• Temperature

• Concentration of Carbon dioxide

 O N
TI u l e s to

I R A o o
ol
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SP n
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R E Th e bre a k
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 Respiration vs. breathing
• Respiration is a chemical • Breathing is the physical process
process. of exchanging gases between the
• It takes place in the cell to cells and the environment.
release energy in the form • No energy is released.
of ATP. • No enzymes are involved.
• Enzymes are involved in • The mechanism of breathing
the process. involves various respiratory
• It takes place in all the structures (the windpipe, lungs
and nose)
cells
O2 (Inhale)
CO2(Exhale)
 Types of respiration
Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration

Alcoholic
Acidic Fermentation
Fermentation
 Aerobic Respiration
“The process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen
gas to produce energy from food”.
• It is a series of metabolic processes that takes place within a cell.
• Biochemical energy is harvested from glucose (organic substance/food).
• Energy is released and stored in the form of ATP.
• Water and Carbon dioxide are produced as end products.
• Common in most of the
plants and animals, birds, 2827 Kj/mol of energy
(36 ATP)
humans, and other mammals.
 Mechanism of Aerobic Respiration
Steps of Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration is a multistep enzymatic process that is carried out in three stages:

1. Glycolysis: (the metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol and converts glucose into
pyruvate and produces 2 molecules of ATP)
2. Krebs’ cycle: (pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and in presence of O2 breaks
completely into CO2 and H2O in a cyclic manner, some ATP is produced and some co-
enzymes like NAD and FAD are reduced to NADH2 and FADH2.)
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation:
(NADH2 and FADH2 are oxidized to produce ATP and H2O. It takes place at the cristae of
mitochondria.)
 AnAerobic Respiration
“Cells break down the sugar molecules to produce
energy without the presence of oxygen”

• The food is broken down without oxygen.

• It occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• In this process less amount of energy is released.
• This process is also called Fermentation.
 Types of AnAerobic Respiration
(Fermentation)
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
• The end products of the break down of food are ethyl alcohol and CO 2
• Only a small amount of energy is released.
• This process occurs in bacteria and fungi.
2. Acidic Fermentation
• In this process food is broken down into lactic acid in the absence of O 2
• A small amount of energy is released
• Occurs in lower animals e.g; parasites or in the muscle of athletes, when
O2 is not readily available.
Mechanism of Anaerobic respiration

No oxygen available
uses of AnAerobic Respiration
(Fermentation)
Production
of lactic
acid
Production
Beverage
of ethyl
Industry
alcohol

Fermentation

Dairy
industry
Baking
Industry
Preparation
of Wines
 usage of Respiration energy in the body of living organisms

Synthesis of molecules

Cell division

RESPIRATION
Growth without cell

ENERGY
division
Maintenance of Body
Temperature
Passage of Nerve
impulses

Muscle Contraction

Active Transport
 Respiration vs. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process where light energy Respiration is the process where chemical energy
converted in chemical energy. converted into energy of ATP.
Occurs in all living organisms. Only occurs in chlorophyll containing organisms

Entire process takes place in Mitochondria. Entire process is carried out in Chloroplasts.
Glucose and oxygen are the main reactants. Carbon dioxide, water and light energy are the key
reactants.
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) are the Glucose, and oxygen are the products.
products.
Undergoes Catabolic Process. Undergoes Anabolic Process.
Involves breaking down of food particles to release Synthesizes food by capturing energy.
energy.
It is an exergonic reaction. (energy is released.) It is an endergonic reaction.(requires energy.)
Does not require sunlight as cellular respiration occurs Requires sunlight as photosynthesis only occurs in the
all the time. presence of sunlight.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2