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Research
Group 4

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 Research
● It is taken from the word “re”, which means again; and
“search,” meaning to investigate (Bargo, 2014).
● It is derived from the Middle French “recerche” or “the
act of watching closely.”
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I.Research Method

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A. Quantitative Method

● Explain phenomena by collecting numerical data analyzed by

using appropriate statistical treatment.

● It emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical,

mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through
polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-
existing statistical data using computational techniques. (Babbie,
2010).
B. Qualitative Method
● Obtains a more holistic picture of what goes on in a particular
situation or setting.
● It stresses the socially constructed nature of reality, the intimate
relationship between the researcher and what is studied, and the
situational constraints that shape inquiry (Norman & Lincoln,
2000).
● It reveals a target audience's range of behavior and the perceptions
that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues. It uses in-
depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the
construction of hypotheses. The results of qualitative research are
descriptive rather than predictive.
B. Qualitative Method

● Qualitative research methods originated in the social and

behavioral sciences: sociology, anthropology, and psychology.
Today, qualitative methods in the field of marketing research
include in-depth interviews with individuals, group discussions
(from two [2] to 10 participants is typical); diary and journal
exercises; and in-context observations. Sessions may be
conducted in person, by telephone, via video conferencing, and
via the Internet.
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II. Research Proposal

An academic work that aims to persuade people that the
researchers have the integral skills and work plan to complete a
research.

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A. At the start, researchers should be able to tap into
the following queries:

● In writing the proposal, What do I aspire to achieve?

● Why do I want to achieve such plans?
● How will I do it?
B. Characteristics of a Good Research Proposal
Proposals should consistently be coherent, unified, and enthralling.
A good research proposal should:
● Direct a problem, issue, or concern;
● Deliver firsthand information that will aid in solving the
problem;
● Assume a methodology suited in resolving the researcher
question; and be sure to accomplish a determined time frame.

Researcher should avoid topics that are too broad, too technical, too
constrained in resource materials, and too time-consuming.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
A. Research Problem
● Is a universal statement that ensures the rudiments of
research. Articulating a research problem entails a criterion as
stated by Catane in 2000. They are encapsulated as follows:

- It should express a relationship between two (2) or more

variables.
- It should be stated clearly and unambiguously, usually in
question form.
- Is should be feasible to carry out such operations or
activities.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
A. Research Problem
● Research questions that should NOT be considered are:
- Ethical questions
Do children conceived out of Vitro fertilization perform
better in class that those conceived naturally?
- Yes or no questions
Do male student resort to utilizing the Edmodo application
to complete their assignments?
- Abstract questions
Is same-sex marriage an abomination of faith?
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction

B. Statement of the Problem

● It pertains to the purposefulness of the study. It answers
the questions, what does your study intend to prove or
explore? Why is there a need to do so? In other words, it
is the central point of your research.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
B. Statement of the Problem
Tips for writing a statement of the problem:
1. Wording should be concise and distinctly written,
2. Problems should be clearly identified by providing a short
summary of your study.
3. Persuasive arguments could be shown as to why the
research is of value.
4. Bits and pieces of the review of related literature could be
presented to illustrate how the research applies to different
sectors of the society.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
C. Significance of the study
● It is a critical part of the research since the researcher
aims to influence the readers into reading the study. It
simply answers the following questions:
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
C. Significance of the study
- Why is it essential to investigate? What are its implications?
- Can it be connected to other branches of knowledge? How?
- How will it bring about change in altering our misconceptions
of the world? Will this benefit decisions done by policy
makers?
- What new perspectives could be attributed to the completion
of the study?
- Once completed, how will this aid breakthrough in this field,
and in other fields as well?
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
D. Hypothesis
● It is a scholarly assumption, designed to define, analyze,
and expound a fact or an instinctual phenomenon.
Catane in 2000 listed its characteristics:
- It is a conceptual statement of the relation between two
(2) or more variables.
- They are always in declarative sentence form, and they
relate, whether generally or specifically; variables to
variables.
- They can carry clear implications for testing the stated
relations.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
D. Hypothesis
● While discussing hypothesis, the world variable is
encountered. Keyton (2011) simply defines it as an
element that is specifically identified in the research
hypothesis or questions. One’s age, social strata, gender,
religion, sexual preference, political belief, educational
attainment, IQ — all can be considered a variable since
they can alter and diversify the concepts mentioned, and
can eventually be measured and proven,
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
D. Hypothesis
There are two (2) types of variables:
1. Independent variable
The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables
you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an
experiment that is systematically manipulated by the
investigator. It is the presumed cause.
2. Dependent variable
The variable that depends on other factors that are measured.
These variables are expected to change as a result of an
experimental manipulation of the independent variable or
variables. It is the presumed effect.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
1. Introduction
E. Definition of terminologies

● Unlocks words or expressions crucial in

understanding the veracity of your study
C. Different sections in the research proposal
2. Literature review
● The literature review frames the entire research analysis. It
presents a summary of all the pieces of literature obtained and
reviewed by the researcher, facilitating the crafting and
expansion of the study.
● An effective literature review is able to affirm the relationship
between past studies with present ones, and should address
established assumptions that could be of helpful or detrimental to
the current study.
● Books, academic journals, newspaper, government publications,
conference presentations, and the World Wide Web are the best
sources for creating your literature.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
2. Literature review
- Documenting the study
It is the heart of the literature review section - giving credit for
every borrowed idea you use on your paper, which also
established validity of evidence borrowed ( Escandor & Dapat,
2014). There are two documenting styles that researcher avail and
adopt:
C. Different sections in the research proposal
2. Literature review
I. American Psychosocial Association (APA) format
In citing the the reference using this format, simply follow the
guidelines listed:

a. First word should be alphabetized; wherein the second line is

indented.
b. There is no need to write the first and middle names, initials
will do.
c. For book and article titles, the first word of the title, the word
succeeded by a dash or colon, and all proper nouns, are
capitalized.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
2. Literature review
I. American Psychosocial Association (APA) format
In citing the the reference using this format, simply follow the
guidelines listed:

d. Titles of books and periodicals should be italicized, and

principal terminologies in periodicals capitalized.

e. Reference works in the paper’s text will be listed down,

except for personal communication.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
2. Literature review

II. Chicago manual style of citation

It uses two (2) documenting schemes: the note system, usually
administered in researches whose nature is of the arts,
humanities, and history, and in-text parenthetical system
administered to studies that are natural, social, and physical
science in origin.
C. Different sections in the research proposal
3. Methodology
● Refers to the defining and designing of strategies in conducting
the study, for the purpose if addressing the research problem.
There are two primary designs in research - the quantitative and
qualitative approach.
● The differences of quantitative and qualitative approach by
Leedy and Ormrod (2010):
C. Different sections in the research proposal
4. Result and Discussion

● It contains the presentation of the results in a non-text format,

such as tables, graphs, or charts. Always label non-text forms
so your readers can understand these figures. There should be
a paragraph or two that will interpret each of the forms;
remember not to repeat what is already obvious when looking
at the figures.
● Below is a sample of a presentation of Results and Discussion
C. Different sections in the research proposal
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
● This part summarizes what your research was able to uncover,
what the findings suggest, and offer ways on what future
research can do to improve on if they want to do something
similar to your study
D. Evaluation of a Research Report Outline
These are the questions that should be asked in evaluating the research
report:

1. Is the problem clearly stated?

2. Is the significance recognized?
3. Are specific questions raised?
4. Are there enough previous studies reviewed?
5. Is the review of the previous studies organized?
6. Is there adequate and clear description of the project?
7. Are data gathering instruments appropriate?
8. Is/Are statistical treatment/s appropriate?