K-MEANS

CLUSTERING
INTRODUCTION-
What is clustering?

 Clustering is the classification of objects into

different groups, or more precisely, the
partitioning of a data set into subsets
(clusters), so that the data in each subset
(ideally) share some common trait - often
according to some defined distance measure.
 Common Distance measures:

 Distance measure will determine how the similarity of two

elements is calculated and it will influence the shape of the
clusters.
They include:
1. The Manhattan distance (also called 2-norm distance) is
given by:

2. The Euclidean distance

(also called taxicab norm or 1-norm) is given by:
How the K-Mean Clustering
algorithm works?
 Step 1: Begin with a decision on the value of k =
number of clusters .
 Step 2: Put any initial partition that classifies the
data into k clusters. You may assign the
training samples randomly,or systematically
as the following:
1.Take the first k training sample as single-
element clusters
2. Assign each of the remaining (N-k) training
sample to the cluster with the nearest centroid.
After each assignment, recompute the centroid of
the gaining cluster.
 Step 3: Take each sample in sequence and
compute its distance from the centroid of
each of the clusters. If a sample is not
currently in the cluster with the closest
centroid, switch this sample to that cluster
and update the centroid of the cluster
gaining the new sample and the cluster
losing the sample.
 Step 4 . Repeat step 3 until convergence is
achieved, that is until a pass through the
training sample causes no new assignments.
A Simple example showing the
implementation of k-means algorithm
(using K=2)
Step 1:
Initialization: Randomly we choose following two centroids
(k=2) for two clusters.
In this case the 2 centroid are: m1=(1.0,1.0) and
m2=(5.0,7.0).
Step 2:
 Thus, we obtain two clusters
containing:
{1,2,3} and {4,5,6,7}.
 Their new centroids are:
Step 3:
 Now using these centroids
we compute the Euclidean
distance of each object, as
shown in table.

 Therefore, the new

clusters are:
{1,2} and {3,4,5,6,7}

 Next centroids are:

m1=(1.25,1.5) and m2 =
(3.9,5.1)
 Step 4 :
The clusters obtained are:
{1,2} and {3,4,5,6,7}

 Therefore, there is no
change in the cluster.
 Thus, the algorithm comes
to a halt here and final
result consist of 2 clusters
{1,2} and {3,4,5,6,7}.
PLOT
(with K=3)

Step 1 Step 2
PLOT
Real-Life Numerical Example
of K-Means Clustering
We have 4 medicines as our training data points object
and each medicine has 2 attributes. Each attribute
represents coordinate of the object. We have to
determine which medicines belong to cluster 1 and
which medicines belong to the other cluster.
Attribute1 (X): Attribute 2 (Y): pH
Object
weight index

Medicine A 1 1

Medicine B 2 1

Medicine C 4 3

Medicine D 5 4
Step 1:
 Initial value of
centroids : Suppose
we use medicine A and
medicine B as the first
centroids.
 Let and c1 and c2

denote the coordinate

of the centroids, then
c1=(1,1) and c2=(2,1)
 Objects-Centroids distance : we calculate the
distance between cluster centroid to each object.
Let us use Euclidean distance, then we have
distance matrix at iteration 0 is

 Each column in the distance matrix symbolizes the

object.
 The first row of the distance matrix corresponds to the
distance of each object to the first centroid and the
second row is the distance of each object to the second
centroid.
 For example, distance from medicine C = (4, 3) to the
first centroid is , and its distance to the
second centroid is , is etc.
Step 2:
 Objects clustering : We
assign each object based
on the minimum distance.
 Medicine A is assigned to
group 1, medicine B to
group 2, medicine C to
group 2 and medicine D to
group 2.
 The elements of Group
matrix below is 1 if and
only if the object is
assigned to that group.
 Iteration-1, Objects-Centroids distances : The
next step is to compute the distance of all
objects to the new centroids.
 Similar to step 2, we have distance matrix at
iteration 1 is
 Iteration-1, Objects
clustering:Based on the new
distance matrix, we move the
medicine B to Group 1 while
all the other objects remain.
The Group matrix is shown
below

 Iteration 2, determine
centroids: Now we repeat step
4 to calculate the new centroids
coordinate based on the
clustering of previous iteration.
Group1 and group 2 both has
two members, thus the new
centroids are
and
 Iteration-2, Objects-Centroids distances :
Repeat step 2 again, we have new distance
matrix at iteration 2 as
 Iteration-2, Objects clustering: Again, we
assign each object based on the minimum
distance.

 We obtain result that . Comparing the

grouping of last iteration and this iteration reveals
that the objects does not move group anymore.
 Thus, the computation of the k-mean clustering
has reached its stability and no more iteration is
needed..
We get the final grouping as the results as:

Object Feature1(X): Feature2 Group

weight index (Y): pH (result)
Medicine A 1 1 1
Medicine B 2 1 1
Medicine C 4 3 2
Medicine D 5 4 2
 Weaknesses of K-Mean Clustering
1. When the numbers of data are not so many, initial
grouping will determine the cluster significantly.
2. The number of cluster, K, must be determined before
hand. Its disadvantage is that it does not yield the same
result with each run, since the resulting clusters depend
on the initial random assignments.
3. We never know the real cluster, using the same data,
because if it is inputted in a different order it may
produce different cluster if the number of data is few.
4. It is sensitive to initial condition. Different initial condition
may produce different result of cluster. The algorithm
may be trapped in the local optimum.
 Applications of K-Mean
Clustering
 It is relatively efficient and fast. It computes result
at O(tkn), where n is number of objects or points, k
is number of clusters and t is number of iterations.
 k-means clustering can be applied to machine
learning or data mining
 Used on acoustic data in speech understanding to
convert waveforms into one of k categories (known
as Vector Quantization or Image Segmentation).
 Also used for choosing color palettes on old
fashioned graphical display devices and Image
Quantization.
CONCLUSION
 K-means algorithm is useful for undirected
knowledge discovery and is relatively simple.
K-means has found wide spread usage in lot
of fields, ranging from unsupervised learning
of neural network, Pattern recognitions,
Classification analysis, Artificial intelligence,
image processing, machine vision, and many
others.