Dr.

Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of Technology & Sports Complex

540, Dumdum Road, Surermath,
Kolkata - 700074

Department of Automobile Engineering

Automobile Engineering Lab II (ETPM Lab)

1. Experiment Number: PC AUE 593/02

2. Title: Port Timing Diagram of Two Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine

3. Aim: To draw the actual port timing diagram of a two stroke single cylinder diesel engine.

4. Tools: Scale, spanners, screw drivers, divider, protractor, chalk, etc.

Theory:
A Valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the exact moments, in the sequence
of operations, at which the two valves (i.e., inlet & exhaust valves) open and close as well
as firing of fuel. It is, generally, expressed in terms of angular positions of the crankshaft.
THEORETICAL PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
The theoretical port timing diagram for a two-stroke cycle engine is shown in fig. In this
diagram, the fuel is fired at A and the expansion of gases takes place from A to B. the
crankshaft revolves through approximately 120 deg. and the piston moves from T.D.C.
towards B.D.C. At B, both the valves open and suction as well as exhaust take place from
B to C. At B, both the valves open and suction as well as exhaust takes place from B to C.
The crankshaft revolves through approximately 120 deg. and the piston moves first to BDC
and then little upwards. At C, both the valves close and compression takes place from C to
A. The crankshaft revolves through approximately 120 deg. and the piston moves to B.D.C.

ACTUAL VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

FOR TWO STROKE CYCLE
DIESEL ENGINE

Fig-1
 Fig-2

As like as four stroke cycle engines, the actual valve timing diagram of two stroke cycle
engine is also different from its theoretical valve timing diagram. The actual valve timing
diagram of two stroke cycle engine is shown in fig. As we see that the expansion of the
charge (after ignition) starts as the piston moves T.D.C. towards B.D.C. First of all, the
exhaust port opens before the piston reaches B.D.C. and the burnt gases start leaving the
cylinder. After a small fraction of the crank revolution, the transfer port also opens and the
fresh air enters into the engine cylinder. This is done as the fresh incoming air helps in
pushing out the burnt gases. Now the piston reaches B.D.C. and then starts moving
upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond B.D.C. first the transfer port closes and then
the exhaust port also closes. This is done to suck fresh air through the transfer port and to
exhaust the burnt gases through the exhaust port simultaneously. Now the charge is
compressed with both the ports closed. Fuel valve opens a little before the piston reaches
the T.D.C. Now the fuel is injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder,
which gets ignited due to high temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after
the piston has come down a little from the T.D.C. This is done as the required quantity of
fuel is injected into the engine cylinder. Now the burnt gases (under high pressure and
temperature) push the piston downwards with full force and expansion of the gases takes
place. It may be noted that in a two-stroke cycle diesel engine, like two stroke petrol engine,
the exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the B.D.C.
position.
5. Question and Answer
1. Define Port Timing Diagram?
In two-stroke engines, the Thermodynamic cycle will be completed within the one revolution of the
crankshaft. Two Stroke Engine uses ports rather than the valves.
Port: Fluid can be operated inward and outward.
Valve: The fluid can be operated in one direction only.
The closing and the opening of the ports will be operated by the movement of the piston itself. The
cycle of operation of a 2 Stroke Engine consists of the following strokes:
Intake stroke, Compression stroke, Expansion or power stroke, Exhaust stroke.
The above processes will be operated with the sequence of operations of ports in the 2 stroke engine.
This can be represented on a circle. This is called the Port Timing Diagram
2. Describe the Theoretical & Actual Port Timing Diagram for SI Engine?
The exact moment at which each of the valves opens and closes with reference to the position of
piston and crank can be shown graphically in a diagram. This diagram is known as “valve timing
diagram”.
In theoretical valve timing diagram, inlet and exhaust valves open and close at both dead centres.
Similarly, all processes are sharply completed at TDC or BOC. Figure 1.72 shows theoretical valve
timing diagram for four stroke SI engines.
IS => Ignition Start, EVO => Exhaust Valve Open, EVC => Exhaust Valve Close, TDC => Top Dead
Centre, BDC => Bottom Dead Centre.

But actually, As the Figure 1 shows actual valve timing diagram for four stroke SI engine. The inlet
valve opens 10-30° before TOC. The air-fuel mixture is sucked into the cylinder till the inlet valve
closes. The inlet valve closes 30-40°’ or ‘even 60° after BOC. The charge is compressed till the spark
occurs. The spark is produced 20-40° before TDC. It gives sufficient time for the fuel to burn. Both
pressure and temperature increase. The burnt gases are expanded till the exhaust valve opens.

The exhaust valve opens 30-60° before BOC. The exhaust gases are forced out from the cylinder till
the exhaust valve closes. The exhaust valve closes 8-20° after TOC. Before closing, the inlet valve
again opens 10-30° before TOC. If the piston is positioned between fourth stroke (exhaust) and the
first stroke (intake) at TOC, both valves open. The period between NO and EVC is known as valve
overlap period. The angle of valve overlap is the sum of the angle of opening the intake valve before
TOC and closing of the exhaust valve after TOC. In Figure 1, the angle of overlap is specified as 10°.

3. Describe the Theoretical & Actual Port Timing Diagram for CI Engine?
In the valve timing diagram, as shown, we see that the expansion of the charge (after ignition) starts
as the piston moves from TDC towards BDC. First of all, the exhaust port opens before the piston
reaches BDC and the burnt gases start leaving the cylinder. After a small fraction of the crank
revolution, the transfer port also opens and the fresh air enters into the engine cylinder. This is done
as the fresh incoming air helps in pushing out the burnt gases. Now the piston reaches BDC and then
starts moving upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond BDC, first the transfer port closes and then
the exhaust port also closes. This is done to suck fresh air through the transfer port and to exhaust the
burnt gases through the exhaust port simultaneously. Now the charge is compressed with both the
ports closed. The fuel valve opens a little before the piston reaches the TDC. Now the fuel is injected
in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to the high temperature
of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston has come down a little from the TDC.

‘This is done as the required quantity of fuel is injected into the engine cylinder. Now the burnt gases
(under high pressure and temperature) push the piston downwards with full force and expansion of
the gases takes place. It may be noted that in a two-stroke cycle diesel engine, like a two-stroke petrol
engine, the exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the BDC
position.
4. Write down the difference in between the Valve Timing Diagram & Port Timing
Diagram?

Serial No. Actual Valve Diagram Theoretical Valve Timing

The inlet valve starts opening 10 degrees to 30 The inlet valve opens exactly at the
1. degrees before the beginning of suction stroke beginning of suction stroke (TDC) and
(TDC) and closes after 30 degrees to 40 closes at the end of the stroke (BDC)
degrees at the end of the stroke (BDC)
The exhaust valve starts opening 30 degrees to The exhaust valve opens exactly at the
2. 60 degrees before the beginning of exhaust beginning of exhaust stroke (BDC) and
stroke (BDC) and closes after 8 degrees to 10 closes at the end of the stroke (TDC)
degrees at the end of the stroke (TDC)
The inertia of the valve operating mechanism Inertia of the valve operating
3. is considered mechanism is not considered

Time for the charge to fill completely into the Time for the charge to fill completely
4. cylinder is considered into the cylinder is not considered

Time for the exhaust gases to escape out of the Time for the exhaust gases to escape
5. cylinder is considered out of the cylinder is not considered

The inlet valve is closed when the piston The inlet valve is closed when the
6. reaches a point in its next stroke at which the piston reaches TDC
pressure in the cylinder equals the pressure
outside.
The valves are opened or closed slowly. The valves are closed or opened
7. instantaneously

There is a valve overlap There is no valve overlap

8.