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Chapter 5

The document discusses the key elements and applications of calculus including differential and integral calculus. It covers topics such as indefinite integrals, definite integrals, and the fundamental theorem of integral calculus. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like finding antiderivatives and using integrals to calculate area.

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63 views28 pages

Chapter 5

The document discusses the key elements and applications of calculus including differential and integral calculus. It covers topics such as indefinite integrals, definite integrals, and the fundamental theorem of integral calculus. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like finding antiderivatives and using integrals to calculate area.

Uploaded by

roberaak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER FIVE

ELEMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF CALCULUS


Calculus
• two main Branches:
1. Differential Calculus : deals with the problems of
finding the rate at which a known but varying, quantity
changes.
2. Integral Calculus : deals with the problem of finding a
quantity, given that we know the rate at which it is
changing.
• is the reciprocal of differential calculus. Given the rate of
change by integral calculus we can find the original function
f(x).
• Divided into two
i. Indefinite
ii. Definite
i. Indefinite Integral

• Consider the following example


f(x) = 5
F(x) = 5x +c
F'(x) = 5
•Given F(x, an antiderivative of f(x), the indefinite integral of f(x)
is defined to be F(x)+c = òf(x)dx read as the indefinite integral of
function f(x) with respect to the variable x.
• ò : Integral sign, indicates that the operation of anti
differentiation (integration) is to be performed.
• f(x) : Integrand
• dx : indicates integration is to be performed with respect to the
variable X.
• C : Constant of integration
• The process for finding òf(x)dx is called indefinite integration.
•E.g. Find the indefinite integral for the following

iii. Find the function that has a slope of at each point and
that passes through the point (2, 74).

Therefore, F(x) 10
Basic Rules for Integration
 The determination of anti-derivatives by trial and error is cumbersome.
So many rules for integration have been developed from the
corresponding theorems concerning derivatives. The most common are:

1. Constant Rule
•
•

2. Power Rule

•
•

of x.
3. Constant Multiplier Rule

Example I :
if exists,

Example II :

=
=
4.Sum or Difference Rule
•and

)
5. Product Rule

NB. The integral of a product is not equal to the product of the integrals.
6. Quotient Rule+ (Reading Assignment)

Or Alternatively; Use substitution Techniques

* + There are no general rules for the integration of Products and Quotients
7. The integral of
8. Exponential function
9. Natural Exponential function
Business Applications of Indefinite Integral
Finding Total Functions

Examples:
1. The marginal revenue function for a company’s product is given by
the function f(x) = 50,000 - x; where x is the number of units
produced and sold. Moreover, TR = 0 when no units are produced
and sold. Find the company's TR function.
•f(x) - marginal revenue
•TR = the integration of MR
2. The function describing the MC of producing a product is
f(x) = x+100, where x = the number of units produced. It is
also known that TC = 40,000 Birr when x is 100 units.
Determine the total cost function.
Solution
3. The function describing the marginal profit from producing and
selling a product is f(x) = - 6x+750 where x = the number of units
produced and sold. Moreover, when 100 units are produced and
sold, total profit equals Birr 25,000. Determine the total profit
function.
•Solution
MP = - 6x+750 = -3x2+750x+c
TP = òMP dx 25,000 = -3(1002) + 750(100) + C
= ò(-6x + 750)dx 25,000 = 45,000 + C
= ò-6xdx + ò750dx + C C = -20,000
= -6x/2 + 750x + C P(x) = -3x2+750x-20,000
4. The marginal propensity to save, S'(x), is a function of a
nation's income, x (in billions of Birr), as defined by the
equation: If S = 0 when x = 81, then
i. Find the equation defining total savings, S(x).
ii. Find the total savings at a national income of
Birr 144 billion.
Solution

S(x) =
Definite Integral
• Deals with problems of how to find the area of a region
under a curve and above the x-axis between two points on
the axis. Consider the function
• Has start and end values: in other words there is
an interval [a, b].

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-rules.html
• Example: What is

• We are being asked for the Definite Integral, from 1


to 2, of 2x dx
• First we need to find the Indefinite Integral.
• We find that
• Now calculate that at 1, and 2 and subtract the area.
• The area enclosed by curves and line is
• By solving equation and

=
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

• If a function f(x) is continuous over an interval and F(x) is


any antiderivative of f(x), then for any points x = a and x =
b on the interval, where a ≤ b,

According to the theorem above, the definite integral can be evaluated


by
1. Determining the indefinite integral F(x) + c and
2. Computing F(b) – F(a), sometimes denoted by F(x)]ba
• When evaluating definite integrals, we always subtract
the value of the indefinite integral at the lower limit of
integration from the value at the upper limit of
integration. The constant of integration will always drop
out in this computation, as it did in the example above.
Thus there is no need to include the constant in
evaluating definite integrals.
Example: Find the area bounded by the curves

Solution: We know that is the equation of the parabola which is symmetric about the x-axis and
origin is the vertex. is the equation of the straight line passing through origin and making an angle of
45° with the x-axis.
A sketch of the region shows that the lower boundary is and the upper boundary is . These two
curves intersect at two points O and A (see the graph). Solving these two equations, we get.
06/06/2024 28

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