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SWM Uen008 2023

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18 views31 pages

SWM Uen008 2023

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© © All Rights Reserved
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School of Energy & Environment (SEE)

Solid waste, Pollution and Management

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Problems associated to solid waste dumping

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 2


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
What constitutes Solid Waste
Solid Waste - Definition
Solid material possessing a negative economic value – it is cheaper to discard than to use.
(or)
Solid waste comprises of all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are
typically solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is all-inclusive of the
heterogeneous mass from the urban community as well as more homogeneous
accumulation of agriculture and industrial wastes.

Includes Garbage, refuse, sludges and other discard solid materials resulting from
industrial and commerical operations and from community activities
Does not include solids of dissolved materials in domestic sewage or other significant
pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial
wastewater effluents, dissolved materails in irrigation return flows or other common
water pollution

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
What constitutes Solid Waste
Solid Waste - Definition
Some of the commonly used synonyms for solid wastes are:

 Refuse: This is a more appropriate term for solid waste as most waste
can be utilized as a raw material for some other purpose.

 Garbage: It consist of kitchen/wet waste.

 Rubbish: Those wastes with high ash content.

 Scrap: Wastes that have high metal content.

 Debris: Bulky wastes such as construction waste.

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Types of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be broadly classified as:
a) Municipal wastes which include garbage or food wastes, ashes and residues, construction
and demolition wastes, treatment plant wastes, special wastes.
b) Industrial wastes which include all types of liquid or solid waste generated from different
types of industries.
c) Hazardous wastes are waste (liquid, solid, gaseous or sludge) that is dangerous or
potentially harmful to our health or environment. They can be discarded commercial
products, byproducts from industries, or from households.

a) Municipal Waste b) Industrial Waste c) Hazardous Waste


THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Types of Solid Waste

Construction and Demolition waste are Agricultural waste consisting of spoiled


generated by the construction, refurbishment, food grains and vegetables, agricultural
repair and demolition of houses, commercial remains, litter, etc., generated from fields,
buildings and other structures. They mainly orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
consists of wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc.

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Municipal Solid Waste
CLASSIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: BASED
ON SOURCE

Institutional waste
Commercial wastes includes
Residential wastes are waste consists of paper, plastic,
solid wastes that originate in
generated from household glasses, etc., generated
offices, wholesale and retail
activities and consists of stores, restaurants, hotels, from educational,
leftover food, paper, plastic, markets, warehouses and other administrative and public
clothes, cardboards, metal commercial establishments buildings such as schools,
cans, ashes, etc. colleges, offices, prisons,
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & etc. Energy and
UEN008:
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Hazardous and Non-hazardous waste
Nature
Hazardous of Industrial
and Non-hazardous waste solid waste
Characteristics - Hazardous
Corrosivity
Flammability
Reactivity
Toxicity
Categories
Chemicals
Biological
Radioactive
Explosives

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Generation of MSW in India
SW Management elements

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Generation of MSW in India
Some dataSW Management
showing elements
weight measurements of MSW
quantification in India
State-wise daily MSW generation
Waste generated
20000
18000
16000 high
14000 est
Source:
Tons per day (TPD)

12000
Central 10000
Pollutio 8000
n 6000
Control 4000
2000
Board
0
(CPCB) t ra g al d u
es h
esh ala lh
i
rat k a an
a r a a th
as
h en N ad ad Ke De j at s
India, ar B i l P r P r Gu rn j a
ah es
t
am ttar ra Ka Ra
2000 M W T U d h
An

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Functional elements of MSWM
Functional elements of SWM
Generation
Storage
Collection
Transportation
Processing and Recovery
Disposal

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
SW Management elements
Generation/storage

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Collection and

SW transportation
Management elements
Collection and transportation

Major budgetary expenditure of Municipal operations

Emerging management strategies

Contracting of maintenance, equipment and vehicle fleet

Service contracts for waste collection and transportation

Long term concession projects for resource recovery

Waste composting projects

Waste to Energy (WTE) projects

Community contracting

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Collection and

SWtransportation
Household waste Management
segregation elements

e
Wet wast
he n
e.g., kitc
waste in
s
green bin te
Dry was
from all
c
rooms in Domesti
us
blue bin
s hazardo
.,
waste e.g
from
Residents are dropping s
A segregated
collection vehicle bathroom
collecting
wastes in
segregated in yellow
segregated bins of bins
household
collectionwastes in in
vehicle
THAPAR INSTITUTE Indore,
School of Energy & India
Chandigarh, UEN008:
India Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Segregation of Household waste
BASIC SEGREGATION
Wet waste (green Dry waste (Blue bin) Domestic
bin) Hazardous
With further sub-segregation
Food wastes of all Paper Containers & Rags Metals E-waste,
kinds, cooked and cardbo packaging of Rubber Glass (all Hazardous wastes
uncooked, ard & all kinds Wood kinds) Inerts (paint, oil,
including cartons excluding Discar House chemicals and
eggshells and those ded sweepings solvents, pesticides
bones, flower, fruit containing clothin and inerts and their empty
and waste hazardous g (not garden, containers),
including juice, materials Furnitu yard or Household medical
vegetable peels Compound re street waste,
and household packaging sweepings) Batteries, Lights
garden/plant (tetrapak, bulbs, tube lights
wastes. Soiled blisters etc.) and Compact
tissues, food Plastics Fluorescent Lamps
wrappers, paper (CFL) Car
towels; fish and batteries, oil filters
meat Source: Adapted from Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management
and car(First
careEdition),
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
products (CPHEEO),
and
2000, Ministry ofconsumables
Urban Development.
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
Material Recovery Facilities

A materials recovery facility


(MRF) or multi reuse facility is a
specialized plant that receives,
separates and prepares recyclable
materials for marketing to end-
user manufacturers.

A MRF facility in San Diego, CA


THAPAR INSTITUTE Schematic
School of Energy & diagramUEN008:
of material recovery
Energy and facility
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
MRF at New Delhi Railway Station (NDRS), India- Mixed-
waste processing facility

 The Railways has been working with


SAFAI SENA (a waste pickers’
association), itinerant buyers and
waste traders (small-scale), and
CHINTAN (non-profit organization)
to achieve zero waste goals since
2012.

 The MRF at the NDLS stands on a


former garbage dump, which has
been transformed to provide a
dignified and clean working space for
trained rag-pickers to carry out their
livelihoods. https://youtu.be/2-ZgxJfHIyU

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Waste transformation processes
Properties of solid waste
Transformation processes
Physical – separation, volume reduction, size
reduction
Chemical – combustion, pyrolysis,
gasification
Biological – composting (aerobic/anaerobic)
Importance of transformation
Improve efficiency of SWM systems
Recover reusable and recyclable materials
To recover conversion products and energy
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Processing and recovery of MSW
Energy Recovery from SW
Processing and recovery
Management strategies
Incineration/Pyrolysis
Composting
Incineration
Controlled combustion process for burning SWM
Heat value of typical MSW – 8.8 kcal/kg (coal – 545 kcal/kg)
Problematic components of incineration – particulate dust,
sulphur and nitrogen oxides, chlorine compounds,
hydrocarbons
APCDs for control measures
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
INCINERATION/COMBUSTION of MSW
WASTE AS A FUEL
 The primary difference between waste
incineration and other combustion systems is
that the waste incineration process treats
incoming waste with great variation.
 Practical design limits allowable variations
Range of waste parameters for viability of
of waste composition.
energy recovery
Parameters Desirable
Range*
Moisture content < 45 %
Organic/Volatile matter > 40 %
Fixed Carbon < 15 %
Total Inerts < 35 %
Calorific Value (Net >1500 k-cal/kg
Calorific Value)
Source: ManualINSTITUTE
THAPAR of Municipal Solid Waste Management,
School India - 2016
of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Incineration of MSW

 Heat recovery efficiency – 70%


 Amount of steam produced varies from 1.0 to 3.5
kg/kg of MSW
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Compost : Mechanism of
Composting
Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic
and anaerobic microorganism decomposes organic matter
into valuable manure called as compost.
Release heat
(Thermophilic state, which
helps to destroy pathogens)

Organic Organic compost


Temp 55-
matter matter
60o c
(Mesophilic
state ,Temp. 25-30o c,
promote mesophilic
microbes for rapid
decomposition )

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Compost : Methods of Composting

Conventional pile composting Direct/Trench


Source: composting
https://www.globalverticalgar Source:
dening.com/composting/7- https://www.veggiegarde
factors-needed-for-a- ner.com/use-direct-
composting-in-your-
compost-pile
Pit composting garden/
Source: https://www.mygov.in/task/new-india-
THAPAR INSTITUTE championship-activities-make-your-own-
School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY compost-pit
Environment (SEE) / Environment
Windrow composting
 Windrow systems Compost windrow turners are used to mix and stir
compost material in commercial agitated
 Static pile composting operations.
Source:
 Agitated pile
http://compostwindrowturner.blogspot.com/2017/0
1/self-propelled-compost-turner.html

Static piles (windrow composting) Self propelled windrow straddling


Source: https://www.compost-
composting machine
systems.com/en/loesungen/offen-befestigt
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
In-vessel drum composting systems and
Vermicomposting
In-vessel drum composting
Vermicompo
systems
sting

 Rotary drum composting provides


agitation, aeration and mixing of the
compost, to produce a consistent and
uniform end product.

 In warm, moist environments with ample


• Increase in crop for improving fertility
amount of oxygen and organic material and health of the soil
available, aerobic microbes flourish and • Increase in retention of soil moisture
decompose the waste at a quicker pace. • Increase in nutrient value of organic waste
THAPAR INSTITUTE Source:School
https://dairylane.ca/products/manure-
of Energy & UEN008: Energy and
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
management/composter/bedding-master/
Environment (SEE) Environment
Potential for MSW composting
Potential for composting MSW
 Among the many criteria available for evaluating system performance, three
stand out as particularly important for MSW composting: product
quality,percent rejects, and recycling rate.
 Compost product quality can include aesthetic, functional, and contaminant
characteristics, all of which are clearly critical to product marketability.
 Percent rejects and recycling rate both have an impact on the amount of
rejected waste needing disposal and on compost quality by effecting
contaminant concentrations.
 The practical application of this process to MSW, is limited by three
problems:
 Lack of markets for the finished product
 Small reduction in the total refuse content/volume requiring disposal
 Environmental factors of composting plants (odour, vector, bird menace)

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Conventional Dumping

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Sanitary landfills

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Post-closure care and use of old landfills
Final use alternatives include
Golf courses (Illinois Golf Course,
Chicago)
Natural parks (Shabrat Alam, Malaysia)
Solar land fill (Georgia)
Ski slopes (Mount Trashmore)
Parking lots (MIT Campus, Cambridge)

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
LEGISLATION
Timeline chart of waste management policies and activities
in India

THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and


OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Environment (SEE) Environment
Thank you
Thank You

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