ASSIGNMENT NO 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Municipal
Solid Waste
Management
Innovative Solutions for Disposal and Recovery

Presenter: Muhammad Submitted to: Ma’am

Hassaan(BSBA) Kehkashan
 INTRODUCTION
What is Municipal Solid Waste
“Municipal (MSW)?
Solid Waste (MSW) is
the waste generated by
households, commercial
establishments, institutions, and
public services in urban areas. It
includes everyday items
discarded by the public”
Example
s: scraps
• Food
• Paper and cardboard
• Plastics and packaging
materials
• Glass bottles and metal cans
• Garden waste (leaves,
grass)
• Old clothes, broken
Why MSW Management is Important?

Unmanaged waste attracts pests and spreads diseases, posing serious health
HEALTH IMPACT
risks to communities.

Improper disposal leads to air, water, and soil pollution, and contributes to
ENVIROMENTAL
climate change through greenhouse gas emissions.
IMPACT

Poor waste management increases public spending on cleanup, reduces land

ECONOMIC IMPACT
value, and wastes recyclable materials.
Classification of Solid Waste

Solid waste is grouped based on its characteristics

and composition. It can include biodegradable items
like food and garden waste, and non-biodegradable
materials such as plastics, metals, and glass. Some
waste is hazardous, including chemicals and medical
waste, while others are recyclable or reusable. Proper
classification helps in effective disposal and resource
recovery.
 Classification of Solid
Waste – By Source

Solid waste can come from various sources such

as households (domestic waste), businesses
(commercial waste), industries (industrial
waste), and institutions (schools, hospitals,
etc.). Each source generates different types and
volumes of waste.
 Classification of Solid
Waste – By Physical Nature:

Waste is classified as biodegradable (like food and

garden waste), non-biodegradable (like plastic,
metal, and glass), and hazardous (such as batteries,
chemicals, and medical waste). This classification
helps in selecting suitable treatment methods.
 Classification of Solid Waste
by Source and Type

Source Type of Waste

Residential Food waste, paper, plastics, glass, garden
waste
Commercial Packaging, office paper, cardboard, food
scraps
Industrial Scrap metal, chemicals, plastic, hazardous
waste
Institutional Paper, food waste, medical waste (schools,
hospitals
Construction/ Concrete, wood, bricks, metal debris
Demolition
 Engineered
Systems for Solid
Waste
What are Engineered
Systems?
Engineered systems are scientifically
designed methods and facilities used to
safely collect, treat, and dispose of solid
waste. Their main goal is to protect the
environment and public health while
enabling resource recovery.
 Collection systems are the first
step in waste management,
involving the gathering of
Collection waste from households,
businesses, and public areas. It
Systems: includes the use of garbage
bins, community collection
points, and waste collection
trucks that transport the waste
to transfer stations or
treatment facilities.
Transport and
Transfer Stations:

After collection, waste is moved to transfer stations

—central facilities where it's temporarily stored,
sorted, or compacted. From there, it is transported
in bulk to treatment plants or disposal sites,
reducing fuel use and transport costs for long-
distance travel.
Processing and Treatment Units

These units handle waste after

collection by sorting recyclable
materials, shredding bulky items
for easier handling, and
compacting waste to reduce its
volume. This process prepares
waste for recycling, energy
recovery, or final disposal in a
more efficient and environmentally
friendly way.
Methods of Disposal &
Recovery
Overview

• Open Dumping
• Incineration
• Landfilling
• Anaerobic
Digestion
• Composting
• Vermicomposting
• Encapsulation
 Open Dumping
Open dumping is the
careless disposal of waste
in open areas without any
treatment or control. It
causes pollution, attracts
pests, spreads diseases,
and harms the environment
and public health.
 Incineration
Incineration is the process
of burning solid waste at
high temperatures in
specially designed plants. It
reduces the volume of
waste and can generate
energy in the form of heat
or electricity. However, it
can release harmful gases if
not properly controlled.
 Landfilling
Landfilling involves burying
waste in carefully
engineered sites designed
to prevent pollution. Waste
is spread in layers,
compacted, and covered
with soil daily. Modern
landfills include systems to
collect leachate (liquid
waste) and methane gas to
reduce environmental harm.
 Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a
biological process that
breaks down organic waste,
like food and animal waste,
in the absence of oxygen.
This process produces
biogas (mainly methane)
that can be used for energy,
and a nutrient-rich sludge
that can be used as
fertilizer.
 Composting
Composting is a natural
process where
microorganisms break down
organic waste, such as food
scraps and garden waste, in
the presence of oxygen. It
produces compost, a
nutrient-rich soil
conditioner that can be
used to improve soil health.
 Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is the
process of using
earthworms to break down
organic waste into high-
quality compost. The worms
eat the waste and produce
nutrient-rich castings,
which are excellent for
improving soil fertility.
 Encapsulation
Vermicomposting is the
process of using
earthworms to break down
organic waste into high-
quality compost. The worms
eat the waste and produce
nutrient-rich castings,
which are excellent for
improving soil fertility.
Management of solid waste
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND

AWARENESS
GOVERNMENT POLICIES & REGULATIONS
 Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM)

ISWM is a comprehensive approach to managing solid

waste by combining various methods like waste
reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, and safe
disposal. It aims to minimize environmental impact,
maximize resource recovery, and ensure sustainable
waste handling through coordinated planning and
community involvement.
Community Participation
and Awareness
Community involvement is essential
for effective waste management.
When people are aware and actively
participate—by reducing waste,
segregating it properly, and
supporting recycling—they help keep
their environment clean. Education
campaigns, workshops, and local
initiatives encourage responsible
behavior and long-term sustainability
Government Policies
And
Regulations
Governments play a key role in
managing waste through laws, rules,
and guidelines. These policies ensure
proper collection, treatment, and
disposal of waste, while promoting
recycling and environmental
protection. Regulations also set
standards for industries,
municipalities, and individuals to
follow for safe and sustainable waste
practices.
CONCLUSIO
N
 Effective municipal solid waste disposal
and recovery are essential for
protecting public health, conserving
resources, and maintaining a clean
environment

By using engineered systems, sustainable

methods, and involving the community,
waste can be managed efficiently. Strong
government policies and public awareness
are key to building a cleaner and greener
future
Through a combination of engineered
systems, advanced disposal and recovery
methods like composting, anaerobic
digestion, and landfilling, and strong
government regulations, waste can be
treated in an efficient and eco-friendly
manner.
An integrated approach that includes all
stakeholders—government, industry, and the
public—is necessary to ensure long-term,
sustainable waste solutions. Effective MSW
management not only protects the
environment but also contributes to energy
recovery, resource conservation, and
improved quality of life for all.
RECOMMENDATIONS
INCREASE RECYCLING AND WASTE
SEGREGATION
Encouraging recycling and proper waste
segregation at the source can reduce landfill
waste. Governments should provide accessible
recycling bins and run awareness campaigns.
Incentives for individuals and businesses will
increase recycling participation and resource
recovery.
IMPLEMENT STRONGER
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
AND POLICIES
Governments should enforce stricter waste
management regulations, including mandatory
recycling. Policies can include fines for improper
disposal and support for sustainable practices.
Investing in waste-to-energy plants and
composting facilities will ensure responsible
waste management.
THANK
YOU