BUILDING MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION
 PLUMBING

The word “plumbing” comes from

the Latin word plumbum for lead, as
pipes were once made from lead.
⚫ Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings,
valves, valve assemblies, and devices installed in a
building for the distribution of water for drinking,
heating and washing, and the removal of waterborne
wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes,
tubing and plumbing fixtures in such systems.

⚫ "Plumbing" is often denotes the supply and waste

system of an individual building, distinguishing it
from water supply and sewage systems that serve
a group of buildings
COMPONE
NTS
⚫ PIPES ⚫ PIPE FITTINGS
- PEX - Coupling
- Copper piping - Reducer
- PVC - Valves
- Galvanized pipe - Elbow
- Brass - Unions
- Cast Iron piping - Tee
- Cement pipe - Cross
- Cap
- barb
 PIP
ES
A hollow cylinder following certain dimension rules.

Various types of pipes are described below:

 PE
X
⚫ Flexible plastic piping.
⚫ Popular selection in residential and small
business applications.
⚫ Slightly higher initial cost.
⚫ Minimum maintenance and fast installation
process.
⚫ Leak free product offering advantages over
copper piping.
⚫ Cannot be used in outdoor application as UV rays
can damage its outdoor plastic layer.
⚫ Diameters of the following pipes shown
below :
 COPPER
PIPING
⚫ Copper piping is most often used for supply of hot
and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC
systems(heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning).
⚫ There are two basic types of copper tubing :
1. Soft copper
2. Rigid copper
 SOFT COPPER
PIPE
⚫ Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to
travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing.
While the work hardening of the drawing process
used to size the tubing makes the copper
hard/rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft
again; it is therefore more expensive to produce
than non- annealed, rigid copper tubing.
⚫ Most popular choice for refrigerant lines in
split- system air conditioners and heat pumps.
 RIGID
COPPER
⚫ Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines.
⚫ It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved,compression or
crimped/pressed connection.
⚫ Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the
drawing process, cannot be bent and must use
elbow fittings to go around corners or around
obstacles.
⚫ If heated and allowed to slowly cool in a process
called annealing, rigid copper will become soft and
can be bent/formed without cracking.
 PVC

⚫ PVC full name is Poly Vinyl Chloride.

⚫ Used for hot and cold potable water as well
with sewage application.
⚫ Vary on their thickness and configuration
depending on the application where to be
used.
⚫ Example : pressure water pipes are not the same
as sewer pipes and not the same as the ones
used on storm drainage systems.
 PVC (COLD
Pvc (hot
WATER)
water)
 GALVANIZED
PIPING
⚫ Used several years ago.
⚫ Less frequent used now as rust can build
up inside small diameter pipes.
⚫ If pipe is old, water coming from the faucet
with rust traces can be seen.
⚫ Can be used to transport grey water or
non- potable water.
⚫ Use for high temperature or
pressure manufacturing processes.
⚫ Use in the petroleum industries.
 BRA
SS
⚫ Brass is an alloy made of copper and zinc.
⚫ The proportions of zinc and copper can be
varied to create a range of brasses with varying
properties.
⚫ Provide great rust resistance piping.
⚫ Made of 67% to 85% of copper.
⚫ Excellent for hot-water and large distribution
systems such as pump fittings, water tanks
and wells.
⚫ Generally comes in 12 foot straight lengths.
 PIPE FITTINGS

Fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect

straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to
different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes,
such as regulating or measuring fl uid flow.

Various common fittings are described below :

PIPE FITTINGS
ELEMENTS
 COUPLI
NG
⚫ A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If
the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting
may be called a reducing couple or reducer, or an
adapter.
 REDUCER
⚫ A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to
meet hydraulic fl ow requirements of the
systems, or to adapt to existing piping of a
different size.
⚫ Reducers are usually
concentric but eccentric
reducers are used when
required to maintain the
same top-or-bottom of
pipe level.
 ELBO
W
⚫ Installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to
allow a change of direction, usually a 90 degree
or 45 degree.
⚫ When its two ends differ
in size, the fitting is
called reducing elbow.
 TYPES OF
ELBOWS :
⚫ Long Radius (LR) Elbows – Radius is 1.5 times
the pipe diameter.
⚫ Short Radius (SR) Elbows – Radius is 1.0 times
the pipe diameter.
⚫ 90 degree Elbow – Where change in
direction required is 90 degree.
⚫ 45 degree Elbow – Where change in
direction required is 45 degree.
 90 DEGREE
ELBOW
⚫ Also called “90 bend”
or “quarter bend”.
⚫ Attaches readily to plastic,
copper, cast iron, steel
and lead.
⚫ Available in materials like
silicone, rubber
compounds, galvanized
steel, etc
⚫ It connects hoses to
valves, water pressure
pumps and deck drains.
 45 DEGREE
ELBOW
⚫ Also called “45 bend”.
⚫ Commonly used in water
supply facilities, food
industrial pipeline networks,
chemical industrial pipeline
networks, electronic
industrial pipeline networks,
air conditioning facility
pipeline, etc.
 UNIONS
⚫ A union is similar to a coupling, except it is
designed to allow quick and convenient
disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture
replacement.
⚫ Standard union pipe is made in three parts
consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end.
⚫ When the female and male ends are joined, the
nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal
the joint
⚫ Since the mating ends of union are
interchangeable, changing of a valve or other
device can be achieved with a minimum loss of
⚫ In addition to standard, simple unions, other
types of unions exist:

Dielectric unions :
Unions with dielectric insulation, used to
separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and
galvanized steel) to avoid he damaging effects of
galvanic corrosion.
Rotary unions :
Unions that allow for rotation of one of the
united parts.
 TEE
⚫ Available with all female thread sockets, all
solvents weld sockets, or with opposed solvent
weld sockets and a side outlet with female
threads.
⚫ used to either combine or split a fl uid flow.
⚫ T-shaped having two outlets at 90 degree to
the connection to the main line.
⚫ Used for connecting pipe of different diameters or
for changing the direction of pipe runs.
⚫ Extensively used in pipeline networks to transport
two-phase fl uid mixtures.
 CROSS

⚫ Also called four way fittings.

⚫ If a branch line passes completely through a tee,
the fitting becomes a cross.
⚫ It has one inlet and three outlet or vice versa.
⚫ They often have solvent welded sockets end or
female threaded ends.
⚫ Common in fire sprinkler system due to their extra
cost.
 CA
P
⚫ A cap is used like plug, except that the pipe cap
screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe.
⚫ They may have a solvent weld socket end or a
female threaded end and the other end closed off.
⚫ In plumbing systems that use threads, the cap
have female threads.
⚫ If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future
connection point, several inches of pipe must be left
before the cap because when the cap is cut off for the
future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow
a new fitting to be glued onto it.
 BARB

⚫ Used to connect flexible hoses to pipe.

⚫ It has a male threaded end used to mate with
the female thread.
⚫ The other end of the fitting has either a single or
multiple barbed tube having a tapered stub with
ridges, which is inserted into the fl exible hose to
secure it.
⚫ It can be made of plastic or brass.
⚫ Brass barb is used for hot water application
while
plastic barb is used for cold.
⚫ The barb can be either elbow shaped or
straight.
 NIPPLE
⚫ In plumbing and piping, a nipple is a fitting,
consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually
provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for
connecting two other fittings.
 VALVES

⚫ A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid

by opening, closing or partially obstructing various passageways.
⚫ The various types of valves are:

Ball valve Check valve

Gate valve Zone valve
Butterfly Locking valve
valve Globe valve
Diaphragm valve
Pressure Balanced valve
 BALL
VALVE
⚫ A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which
uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control
fl ow through it.
⚫ In open position, hole in the sphere is in line with
the pipe.
⚫ When closed, hole in the sphere is perpendicular
to pipe.
⚫ Lever handle operates the valve and also serves as
an indicator for whether the valve is open or
closed.
⚫ Ball valves do not allow for precise flow control as
they usually have positive stops(0, 45, 90 degrees),
but they do provide a very good seal in the closed
position.
 GATE
VALVE
⚫ A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is
a valve that opens by lifting a round or
rectangular gate out of the path of the fl uid.
⚫ Controls water flow by raising or lowering the
gate, which is generally a piece of metal.
⚫ Wheel or knob at the top of the gate valve is
present that controls the height of the gate – this,
in turn, affects the fl ow of water.
⚫ But unfortunately, the wheel doesn’t provide any
indication of whether the valve is open or
closed.
⚫ Not durable
⚫ Susceptible to corrosion, which will cause the valve
to get stuck in the open or closed position
 BUTTERFLY
VALVE
⚫ A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used
for isolating or regulating flow.
⚫ The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk.
Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which
allows for quick shut off.
⚫ It is attached to a lever handle that rotates the
disc, which adjusts the fl ow of water
⚫ Main drawback : control disc is always present
within the fl ow of water(even when fully open) so
there will always be a pressure drop when using
them
⚫ Butterfly valves are generally favored because they
are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as
being lighter in weight, meaning less support is
required
 DIAPHRAGM
VALVE
⚫ Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of
a valve body with two or more ports, a diaphragm,
and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the
diaphragm closes the valve.
⚫ Similar to gate valve.
⚫ In a diaphragm valve, the element is a diaphragm
that settles down over a saddle, thus stopping water
flow.
⚫ The diaphragm below is a weir-type diaphragm
valve, where water passes over a weir.
⚫ There is also a straight-type diaphragm valve,
which doesn’t force water over a weir
⚫ This valves are generally used as shutoff or stop
valves
 GLOBE
VALVE
⚫ A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a
type of valve used for regulating fl ow in a
pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type
element and a stationary ring seat in a generally
spherical body.
⚫ Used to throttle or limit the fl ow of water.
⚫ Contains a stopper that is raised and lowered by
a
wheel or knob on a shaft.
⚫ Stopper seals into a baffl e to stop flow.
 MECHANISM

GLOBE VALVE
 CHECK
VALVE
⚫ A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-
way valve is a valve that normally allows to fl ow
through it in only one direction.
⚫ Generally not operational.
⚫ Back-flow preventer is a type of check valve.
⚫ A ball-check valve uses a ball to stop the fl ow of
water in wrong direction.
⚫ A diaphragm-check valve has a rotating disc or
rubber fl ap that is pushed to seal the opening in
the event of fl ow in the wrong direction.
⚫ A stop-check valve is operational and allows a user
to completely stop all fl ow – even fl ow in the correct
direction. It will not allow backward fl ow when
open.
 PRESSURE
BALANCED VALVE
⚫ A pressure-balanced valve provides water at nearly
constant temperature to a shower or bathtub,
despite pressure fluctuations in either the hot or
cold supply lines.
⚫ Diaphragm within the valve allows the operator to
set mixing of hot and cold water
⚫ Many jurisdictions require pressure balanced valves in
domestic bathrooms and showers to prevent
accidental scalding
⚫ If, for example, someone flushes a toilet while
the shower is in use.
 ZONE
VALVE
⚫ A zone valve is a specific type of valve used to
control the flow of water or steam in a hydronic
heating or cooling system.
⚫ May be provided in different rooms, floors, or
dwelling units so that each place can have local
control over the heating or cooling.
⚫ Electrically controlled and are connected to a
thermostat so that automatic control is
achieved.
 LOCKING
VALVE
⚫ Almost any type of valve can be locked to
avoid accidental or intentional opening or
closing
⚫ Valves with lever-type handles allow for more
secure locking control
⚫ Provide aligning holes so that lock can be passed
to stop rotation of the handle
⚫ Locks preventing adjustment to non-locking
valves are also designed
THANK YOU