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10 views30 pages

Sample Size

Uploaded by

manisha kale
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SAMPLE SIZE

DO YOU KNOW?!
• Sample size calculation is more of a
clinical exercise than a statistical
exercise!

– How much error is acceptable?


– How much deviation from expected value
is acceptable to us?
– Hypothesis is one or two tailed?
THE NECESSITY
• Results become invalid if study done on
smaller size than required
• It is impossible to study the entire
population due to constraints of resources
• Un-necessary large size should be avoided
• Properly taken small sample is better than
haphazardly taken large sample
PRE-REQUISITES

• Type of study
• Information on variables
• α error, and Confidence Level
• ß error, and Power of Test
• Precision
• Hypothesis (One sided / Two sided)
TYPE OF STUDY
•
Descriptive study (Estimation of Pop.
Proportion)
•
Clinical Trial
•
Case Control Study
•
Cohort Study
INFORMATION ON VARIABLES

Type of Study Information Required


Anticipated Values of:
Estimation of Pop. P
Proportion: (P)
Clinical Trial P1 & P2
(Cure rates for treatment 1
and 2)
Case Control Study O.R.
Prop. Of Exposed in:
* Cases; Controls
α ERROR
• α is Significance level of a test.
• It is probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis.
• Also called “Type-I Error”

• Commonly accepted level of alpha error is:


0.05 or 0.10
= 5% or 10%
CONFIDENCE LEVEL

• The probability that an estimate of a population parameter

is within certain specified limits of the true value.

Denoted by 1- α or (100 x 1- α)

• When α is decided, Confidence Level is automatically

fixed.

• Alpha CL

• 5% 95%

• 10% 90%
Confidence Level

• Higher the confidence level, higher is


the sample size.

Sample
Size

Confidence Level
BETA (ß)
• The probability of failing to reject false
null hypothesis. It is also called “Type-II
Error”
• Commonly accepted levels of Beta error
are: 0.1 , 0.2
• In terms of % : 10%, 20%
Power of a Test
• The probability of correctly rejecting a false null
hypothesis. It is denoted by

• 1- ß In terms of % it is 100 x (1- ß)

• When ß is selected, Power of Test is automatically fixed.

Beta Power

10% 90%

20% 80%
Power of a Test

• Higher the Power of Test, Higher is


the Sample Size

Sample
Size

Power of Test
FROM WHERE TO GET HELP?

• Sample Size Determination In Health


Studies: A Practical Manual: By: Lwanga
S.K. and Lemeshow S. (1991): World
Health Organization: Geneva

• Statistical Soft-wares and Applications


Free Software
For Sample Size
http://www.freestatistics.info/stat.php
1. Power Sample Size Calculator
2. Open Epi
Available Sofware /Applications
• SPSS
• SYSTAT
• Excel
• Lotus
Cost is major constraint
Pirated versions can create problems
TYPES OF DATA
• Data can be classified as follows:
1. Quantitative data
2. Qualitative data

• Data according to magnitude or measurement is


called as quantitative data
e.g.: height, weight, BP, PR, RR, age BSL etc.

• Data according to attributes or enumeration is


called as qualitative data
e.g.: Births, Deaths, Sex, Blood group,
Major/minor operations etc.
The Minimum Sample Size(n)Depends on

- Objectives
- Design of the study
- Plan for statistical technique
- Accuracy of the measurements to be
made
- Degree of precision required for
generalization
- Degree of confidence with which to
conclude
Factors to be considered while
deciding the ‘Sample size’:

a. The size of universe


b. The resources available
c. The degree of accuracy or precision desired
d. Nature of study
e. Method of sampling adopted
f. Nature of respondents
DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
• FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA:
Formula to find out the sample size is
n = 4 x (S.D.)² / L²
Where,

S.D.= Population standard deviation which is known


from past experience.

L = allowable error in the sample mean at 5% risk by


researcher.
• In case, S.D. is not known preliminary investigations
or pilot survey may have to be carried out to estimate
population S.D.
For example:

• Mean systolic blood pressure in a college student was

found to be 118 mm of Hg with S.D. of 9 mm of Hg then

sample size is:

n = 4 x (S.D.)² / L²

n = 4 x 9 x 9 / 1 x1 (since L=+1 at 5% risk)

n = 4 x 81 / 1

n = 324

That is, if ‘L’ is less ‘n’ will be more.

Thus, larger the sample size lesser will be the error.


DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE

• FOR QUALIITATIVE DATA:


Formula to find out the sample size is

n = 4 x p x q / L²
Where,
p = Positive percentage (%) or positive
proportion.
q = 100- p = Alternative percentage (%) or
negative proportion
L = Allowable error not exceed 10% or 20% of p.
• For example:
• Incidence rate in common cold was found to be 200 per
1000 persons, then sample size is:
Where,
p = positive % age of common cold is 200/1000x100 = 20%

q = 100 – p = alternative% age of common cold = 80%

L = allowable error not exceed 10% of p = 2


n = 4 x p x q / L²
n = 4 x 20 x 80 / 2 x 2 = 6400 / 4
n = 1600

• Thus, if we allow a small error, the required sample size will


be much larger.
To know adequate sample size in both hospital and community set up in terms of high & low prevalence rate we
have,

HIGH PEVALENCE RATE LOW PREVALENCE RATE

Hookworm prevalence Hookworm prevalence


rate was 30% then, sample rate was 16% then,
size will be: sample size will be:
n = 4 x p x q /L² n = 4 x p x q /L²
n = 4 x 30 x 70 / 3 x 3 n = 4x16 x 84 /1.6x1.6
n = 8400 / 9 n = 5376 / 2.56
n = 933 n = 2100
• Thus, if prevalence rate is small the
required sample size will be much larger.
• Therefore, deciding the sample size it is
necessary to know the prevalence rate of
diseases in hospital or in community set up.
• Since no statistical method can compensate
for badly planned experiment on adequate
sample size.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION

• Accuracy:

It is concerned with measurement, if error is very small i.e.

close to the true value of the object being measured then it

is accurate measurement.

• Precision:

It refers to repeated measurements. We measure it several

times and if values closely agree with one another then it is

precision.
PRECISION
• Precision implies size i.e. number in the
sample depending on the purpose.

• Precision depends on sample size.

• If sample size is small in size its means will be


quite different from each other as well as from
the population mean.

• If sample size is large its means will lie closer


to each other.
Thus, small samples lacks precision.
• For example:
PERSON SHOOTING A TARGET

Person I II III IV
Person I : Neither accurate nor precise
Person II : Accurate (on average) but poor precision
Person III: Inaccurate shooting but with high precision
Person IV: High accuracy and high precision
• In above example we say that person IV is best shot and highest
score, but could be say that person I is a worse than person II?.

• What if both used different gun so with these I would like to stress that
you are concerned with accuracy as well as precision for rest of life as
it is one of the important statistical tool of measurement.

• In clinical medicine or public health work, it has application e.g.


temperature, drug levels, radiation dose etc. obtaining and continuity to
obtain accurate and precise measurement is not easy.

• And therefore to take care of this we have to learn statistical tools.


References

• Glanz SA: Premier of Bio-statistics, 4th edition.

• S. P. Gupta: Statistical methods.

• Lwanga SK: Teaching health statistics, Lesions & seminar


outlines, 2nd edition, WHO.

• Armitage P., Berry G: Statistical methods in medical


research, 2nd edition.

• Gupta and Kapoor: Fundamentals of statistics.

• Lowanga SK: Determination of sample size.

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