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Chapter 18 Electrical Quantities

Electrical quantities

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67 views22 pages

Chapter 18 Electrical Quantities

Electrical quantities

Uploaded by

ranjan.kvis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 18

Electrical Quantities
Current in electric circuits

For electric current to flow we need two things:

(i) a complete circuit

(ii) battery or power supply

2
DC and AC current
Direct current (DC) occurs when the current
flows in one constant direction

Alternating current (AC) occurs when the electric


current periodically inverts its direction.

3
Measuring electric current
The current flowing through a component in a circuit is measured
using an ammeter.

The ammeter can be placed anywhere in the circuit.

Remember that the current is the same in all parts of a series


circuit.

4
Current and charge
The electric current is defined as the charge passing a
point in the circuit per unit of time.

The relationship between current and charge is given


by an equation:

Current = charge ÷ time

5
Voltage in electric circuits
Voltage or Potential difference is defined as the work done by a
unit charge passing through a component.

It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.

The p.d. is also the difference in electrical potential between


two points.

It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.

6
Voltage in electric circuits

The ammeter measures the


current flowing through the
resistor.
The voltmeter measures the p.d.
across it.

7
Electromotive force (e.m.f.)

 It is the name for the p.d. across a cell.

 The e.m.f. is defined as the electrical work done by a source in


moving a unit charge around a complete circuit.

8
Combining e.m.f.s
when cells are connected in series, their e.m.f.s add up.

In general, if cells with e.m.f.s E1 and E2 are connected in


series, their combined e.m.f. E is given

E = E1 + E2

For four 1.5 V cells in series, each cell does electrical work on
each unit charge as it passes through, so their combined
e.m.f. must be 6V.

9
What is a volt?
A supply with an e.m.f. of 1 V does 1 J of work on each coulomb of charge it
pushes round a circuit.

In other words, a volt is a joule per coulomb.

The chemical energy supplied by the cell is what pushes electrons around a
circuit.

The e.m.f. tells you how much work is done on each coulomb of charge as it
passes through the cell.

10
Potential difference (P.d)

The potential difference across a device such as a


lamp is a measure of how work done on the charge (J)
charge (C) much electrical work is done by each
coulomb as it passes through a component.

This is described by the equation:

11
Electrical Resistance

12
Electrical Resistance

It is defined as the potential difference across the


component divided by the current passing through it.

The electrical resistance of a component is measured


in ohms (Ω).

13
Electrical Resistance
 It takes a p.d. of 10 V to make a current of 1 A flow through
a 10 Ω resistor.

 It takes 20 V to make 1 A flow through a 20 Ω resistor, and


so on.

 Hence resistance (in Ω) tells us how many volts are


needed to make 1 A flow through that resistor.

 one ohm is one volt per amp.


14
Factors that affect electrical resistance

The longer a wire, the greater its resistance.

The greater the diameter of a wire, the less its


resistance.

15
Measuring resistance

16
Current–voltage characteristics

A plot of current versus voltage gives


us the current voltage characteristics
of any Electrical components.

17
Ohmic and nonohmic resistance

I-V characteristics of different electrical components. 18


Electrical energy, work and power
Most electrical appliances have a label that shows their power rating.

Power ratings are indicated in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).

The power rating of an appliance shows the rate at which it transfers energy.

Electrical power is the rate at which energy is transferred:

one watt is one joule per second.

1 W = 1 J/s
19
Voltage and energy
The e.m.f. (voltage) of a supply tells us how much energy it transfers to
charges flowing around the circuit.

The greater the current flowing around the circuit, the faster that energy
is transferred.

The rate at which energy transferred in the circuit (the power, P) depends
on both the e.m.f., E, of the supply and the current, I, that it pushes round
the circuit.

power (W) = current (A) × p.d. (V)

P = IV
20
Calculating energy

Energy transferred (j) = current * p.d* time

E = IVt

21
Units of electrical energy

1 kWh is called a unit of electricity.

1 kWh = 1000 W * 3600 s = 3.6 * 106 J

22

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