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Linear Regression Zamin

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13 views29 pages

Linear Regression Zamin

Uploaded by

kainatabid599
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear Regression

Objectives
Students ill be able to learn basic concepts of;
• Predictor and outcome variable
• Linear regression
• Calculation of linear regression
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Predictor Outcome
Variable Variable
Exploratory Response
Variable Variable
What is Regression?
• Simple regression is used to examine the
relationship between one dependent and one
independent variable.
• After performing an analysis, the regression
statistics can be used to predict the
dependent variable when the independent
variable is known.
• Regression goes beyond correlation by adding
prediction capabilities.
What is Regression?
• Most common approach for describing the
relation between predictors (or covariates)
and outcome.
• The purpose of the regression line is to enable
the researcher to see the trend and make
predictions on the basis of the data.
Which line is best fit?
Requirements
• The sample of paired (x, y) data is a random
sample of quantitative data.
• Visual examination of the scatter plot shows
that the points approximate a straight-line
pattern.
• Any outliers must be removed if they are
known to be influential.
Determination of the Regression Line
Equation
• The equation of the regression line is written
as ý = a + bx,
Where;
• a is the ý intercept
• b is the slope of the line
Linear Equations
Y
Y = bX + a
Change
b = Slope in Y
Change in X
a = Y-intercept
X
Formulas
Example’s Data Set

Name of No. of Hrs Marks % (y)


Student of study (x)
A 6 82
B 2 63
C 1 57
D 5 88
E 2 68
F 3 75
Example’s Data Set
Name of No. of Hrs Marks xy X2 y2
Student of study (x) % (y)
A 6 82 492 36 6724
B 2 63 126 4 3969
C 1 57 57 1 3249
D 5 88 440 25 7744
E 2 68 136 4 4624
F 3 75 225 9 5625
∑ 19 433 1476 79 31935
Solution
r = _______6(1476) - (19)(433)_____
√ [6(79) – (19)2][6(31935) – (433)2
Strong
positive
r= 8856 – 8227___________ Association

√ [474-361] [ 191610 -187489]

r= 629____ = 629 = 629 = 0.922


√ [113][4121] √465673 682.40
Let’s Find the regression value
Formulas
Solution
a = (433)(79) - (19)(1476)
6(79) – (19)2
a= 34207 – 28044 = 6163 = 54.54
474-361 113

b = 6(1476) - (19)(433)
6(79) – (19)2
b= 8856 – 8227 = 629 = 5.57
474-361 113
What is slope mean in this example
• This mean is that for every increase of 1 hr
(which is x) there is a increase of 5.57% score
(which is y)
What is intercept mean in this example?

• This means that when x is 0, y is 54.54


• In other words when student studied 0 (x) hrs
he/she will get 54.54% (y) of marks
Finding the Linear Regression value of
example
• If the students will study 4 hours how much
score he/she will achieve?
• The equation is ý = a + bx
• ý = 54.54 + 5.57 (x)
= 54.54 + 5.57 (4)
= 54.54 + 22.28 = 76.82%
Guidelines for Using the Regression
Equation
• If there is no linear correlation, don’t use the
regression equation to make predictions.
• When using the regression equation for
predictions, stay within the scope of the
available sample data.
• If you find a regression equation that relates
women’s heights and shoe sizes, it’s illogical to
predict the shoe size of a woman who is 10 ft
tall.
• A regression equation based on old data is not
necessarily valid now. The regression equation
relating used-car prices and ages of cars is no
longer usable if it’s based on data from the
1990s.
• Don’t make predictions about a population that is
different from the population from which the sample
data were drawn.
• If we collect sample data from men and develop a
regression equation relating age and TV remote-
control usage, the results don’t necessarily apply to
women.
• If we use state averages to develop a regression
equation relating SAT math scores and SAT verbal
cores, the results don’t necessarily apply to individuals.
Marginal Change
• The magnitude of the change in one variable
when the other variable changes exactly 1 unit
is called a marginal change.
• The value of slope b of the regression line
equation represents the marginal change.
Note
• Determining the regression line when r is not
significant and then making predictions using
the regression line are meaningless
• The sign of the correlation coefficient and the
sign of the slope of the regression line will
always be the same. The reason is that the
numerators of the formulas are the same and
determine the signs of r and b, and the
denominators are always positive.
Difference between correlation and
regression
S # Correlation Regression
01 There is no concept of There is concept of
independent and independent and
dependent variable dependent variable
02 Describe the Describe the drawing
interpretation of line of line
03 Tell the nature of Predict the
relationship relationship
Tutorial
• A sample of 6 children was selected; data about
their age in years and weight in kilograms was
recorded as shown in the following table. It is
required to find the correlation between age and
weight.
Tutorial
• What will be the weight of 11 years old child?
References
• Triola, Mario F. (10th Ed), Elementary statistics,
Pearson Addison Wesley, Boston San Francisco
New York
• Bluman, (8th ed), elementary statistics: A step
by step approach,

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