CSC 101

INTRO. TO COMP.
SC.
SESSION ONE

MR. A C FORTUNE
SESSION ONE
INTRODUCTION
Outline Introduction to computers
Data, information, and processing
This Presentations
Basic Units ofDivided into 12
Measurement
sections :
Basic Concepts of a Computer
Hardware and software
Softwareto- Legal
 Introduction Issues
computers
Software
 Data, Viruses
information, and processing
Virus Protection
 Basic Units of Measurement
File
 Basic Concepts
File of a Computer
Extension
 Hardware and software
Directories
 Software - Legal Issues
 Software Viruses
 Virus Protection
 File
 File Extension
 Generations of Computer
 History of computers
 Introduction/Definition

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to

accept data (input), process Your Textit into useful information
(output), and store it away Example
(in aTextsecondary
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storage device)
for safekeeping or later reuse.
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Input devices accept data inisdesigned.
a form that the computer can
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use; they then send the data to the processing unit.

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External Storage
Your Text
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Your Text Your Text

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 Data and Information
Data is a collection of independent and unorganized facts.
Information is the processed and organized data presented
in a meaningful form. Your Text
Data Processing and Computer Example Text :
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Data Processing is the course ofPresentation

doing
PowerPoint
things in a sequence
that
is beautifully
of steps. designed.

Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing

data (typically in binary form) and transforming these into
information. That is, it has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data.
Your Text Your Text Your Text
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 Basic Units of Measurement
BIT: A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a
computer.
It is a unit of information equivalent Yourto Text the result of a choice
between only 2 possible (1 or 0) alternatives Example Text :
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in the binary number
system. PowerPoint
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Byte is the basic unit of information inisdesigned.computer
beautifully
storage and
processing.
A byte consists of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits), each of which
consists of a 0 or 1. ...
The sequence of 8 bits is enough to represent one character of
Your Text alphanumeric data being
Your Text processed as a single unit for information. Your Text
Example Text : The sequence of 8Example bits Text (i.e.
: a byte) can be used to Example representText : a
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single character asPresentation
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A letter, A number, A special character, symbol, A isdesigned.
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space, or
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Punctuation.
 Basic Units of Measurement CONT

Byte is eight bits

Your Text
Kilobyte (KB) is approx. 1,000 bytes
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Megabyte (MB) is approx. Presentation
1million
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Gigabyte (GB) is approx. 1isdesigned.
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beautifully
bytes
1,000 bytes =1 kilobyte (K or KB)
1,000 KB =1 megabyte (MB)
1,000 MB =1 gigabyte (GB)
1,000 GB =1 Terabyte (TB)
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Basic Concepts of a Computer
Computers are not very intelligent devices, nevertheless
they do handle instructions very fast.
They must follow explicit directions Your Text from both the user
Example Text :
and computer programmer. Get a modern
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Examples include calculator,PresentationPersonal that
is beautifully
Computer (PC),
laptop, Personal Digital Assistant designed. (PDA), Netbook,
Desktop etc.
Hardware is the tangible part of a computer system:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory Unit
Input Devices
Your Text Your Text

Output Devices
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Secondary Storage
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Includes printers,
designed. monitors, disk drives, etc. designed.
 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Your Text
Software Example Text :

Software is abbreviated as GetSW and S/W.

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Set of instructions that enable the user to interact
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with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks.

Software Programs tell the computer what to do
Examples - word processing, Internet browser,
tutorials, Movie player, games, Excel, Windows,
Your Text
iTunes, etc.Your Text Your Text
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Your Text
Programming languages
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Assembly language Presentation that
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Procedural languages: designed.

Basic,
Fortran,
Cobol,
C
Your Text Object oriented
Your languages:
Text Visual Basic, C++, C#,Your
Java
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

System Software Your Text

Example Text :
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Run fundamental operations: Presentation that
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 Loading and running programs

 Saving and retrieving data

Your Text Your Text Your Text
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 Communicating
Example Text : with printers, modems, etc.
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.
System Software
Your Text
Examples of systems software
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Windows ( such as versions 3.1, 95, 98,

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Me, 2000, and XP, etc)

MacOS
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Example Text :
Unix Example Text : Example Text :
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Linux is beautifully
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.
Applications Software Your Text

Examples of application software

Example Text :
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Word processing - memos, reports, etc.
Presentation that
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Spreadsheets - budgets, etc. designed.

Database - search, sort, select data

Educational - simulations, practice
Graphics - charts, diagrams
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Desktop publishing
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- pamphlets,etc. Your Text
Example Text : Presentation software.
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Web browsers
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Enterpriseisdesigned.
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Your Text

Software - Legal Issues Example Text :

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Commercial (or Proprietary) software

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designed.
It is copyrighted software that prohibits the
redistribution or modification of its program.
Can only make backup copies for yourself
Can only use on one machine at a time.
Your Text Your Text Your Text
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.
Software - Legal Issues
Your Text
Shareware (demoware or trial software)
Example Text :
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It is a limited version of software intended to
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Presentation that

demonstrate its features on the user's computer

is beautifully
designed.

before purchase.
Can use - make copies and give to anyone i.e.
Users are encouraged to share the software, by
downloading it from a website
Your Text
Users will Your
payTextif they continue to use it. Your Text
Example Text : Example Text : Example Text :

Freeware – here a user can copy and use it

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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Your Text
Software Viruses Example Text :
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A software (or computer) virus

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program, script, macro, or code
designed.

designed to damage, steal personal

information, modify data, send e-mail,
display messages, or a combination of
Your Text
these actions. Your Text
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Software Viruses Cont. Your Text

May spread to many computers Example Text :

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Copy files from one computer Presentation that to another
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Download files by modem designed.

E-mail attachments
Virus may be relatively harmless
Writes “You’ve been stoned” on screen
Your Text Virus may also
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Erases everything
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on hard drive Example Text :
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Your Text
Virus Protection Example Text :
Get a modern

Be careful where you copy files from.

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Presentation that
is beautifully

Do not open e-mail attachments designed.

unless you are
sure that it is safe.
Use virus protection program
Detects and removes illegal code
Your Text Your Text Your Text
Example Text :
Should be updated
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often Example Text :
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.

Your Text
Files Example Text :
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A file is an object on a computer Presentationthat

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that stores data,
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information, settings, or commands designed. used with a
computer program.
File is stored on a disk or diskette.
Must have a unique name.
Your Text
Two parts: the filename and extension separated
Your Text Your Text
Example Text : by a period e.g. csc101.doc
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 Basic Concepts of a Computer Cont.
Extensions
A file extension or file name extension Youris Textthe ending of a file that
helps identify the type of file in operating systems.
Example Text :
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Use extension to make your filenames more

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.doc – word documents is beautifully
designed.

.xls – excel documents

.ppt – powerpoint documents
.pdf, .txt, .exe, .dll, .log etc.
Directories
Your Text A directory is aYourlocation
Text for storing files on your computer. Your Text
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Directories areExample
found Text : in a hierarchical file system, such
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Linux, MS-DOS, OS/2, and Unix.
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Root – one basic directory
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Subdirectories
 Five Generations of Computers
The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to theYourdifferent
Text generations
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of computing devices. Each generation
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of computer
is characterized by a major Presentation
technologicalthat
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development that fundamentally changed the way

designed.

computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller,

cheaper, and more powerful, and more efficient and
reliable devices.
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 First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often theYour Text of malfunctions.
cause
First generation computers relied on machine
Examplelanguage,
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the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers,
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they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards
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and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing
devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Your Text Your Text

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 Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did
not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The
Your Text
transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to
Example Text :
become smaller, faster, cheaper, moreGet energy-efficient
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and more
reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
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Though the transistor
still generated a great deal of heat that designed.
subjected the computer to
damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-
generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output.

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 Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors Cont.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming
Your Text
languages were also being developedExample
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versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These Get a modern
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were also the first
computers that stored their instructions in their
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from a magnetic drum to magnetic coredesigned.
technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic
energy industry.

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 Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the
Your Text
speed and efficiency of computers. Example Text :
Instead of punched cards and printouts, Get ausers
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interacted with third
generation computers through keyboards and
Presentation that monitors and interfaced
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with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many
designed.

different applications at one time with a central program that monitored

the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
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Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What
in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the
hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, Your Text located all the components

of the computer—from the central processing Example Text :

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In 1981 IBM introduced its first computerdesigned. for the home user, and in 1984
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Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the

realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and
more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the
Your Text Your Text
Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,
are still in development, though there are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today.
Your TextThe use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to :make artificial
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Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will
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radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of
fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

Your Text Your Text

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 History of Computers
1623: Mechanical calculator

 Wilhelm Schickard invented first known mechanical calculator,

Your Text
capable of simple arithmetic. Example Text :
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 Similar mechanical adding machinePresentation
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in 1640’s by Blaise
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 History of Computers
1673: More advanced mechanical calculator

 Developed in 1673 by German mathematician

Your Text Gottfried Leibniz
 Capable of multiplication and division
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Your Text Your Text

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 History of Computers
1823: Charles Babbage begins work on Difference Engine

• He designed, but it was completed byYour Text

a Swedish
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1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine

Never completed.
Important concept: a general-purpose machine
capable of performing difference functions based
Your Text Your Text
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 History of Computers

1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressedYour withTextthe concept of the

Analytical Engine at a dinner party. Example Text :
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Daughter of poet Lord Byran PowerPoint
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Created plans for how the machine could calculate Bernoulli numbers.
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This is regarded
as the first “computer program," and she is the first "programmer."
The Department of Defense named a language “Ada” in her honor in
1979.

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 History of Computers

1890: punched cards used by Herman Hollerith to automate Census

Your Text
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weaving looms.
Hollerith founded a company that became International Business
Machines (IBM) to market the technology.

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 History of Computers

1939: prototype of the first electronic computer

Your Text
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• Assembled by John Atansoff and Cliford Barry.
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• John Atansoff came up with the concept of using binary numbers.
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• Completed in 1942 using 300 vacuumisdesigned.
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• Could solve small systems of linear equations.

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Image from The History of Computing Project
 History of Computers
1946: ENIAC completed
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• By Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• 18,000 vacuum tubes. Your Text
• Occupied a 30 by 50 foot room Example Text :
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 History of Computers

Your Text
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1946: John van Neumann Architecture stored-programming
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He suggested that programs and data could be represented
in a similar way and stored in the same internal memory.
All modern computers store programs in internal memory.

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 Summary
i. Vacuum tube (1939)
ii. Transistor (invented in 1947, used in IBM 7090 in 1958)
iii. Integrated circuit or chip (invented inYour 1959,
Text
used in IBM 360 in 1964)
i. A small wafer of silicon that has been photographically imprinted
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to contain a large number of transistors Get a modern
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together.
iv. Large-scale integration: microprocessor (1975)
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i. Entire processing unit on a single designed.
chip of silicon
v. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial intelligence
some applications, such as voice recognition, use of parallel processing
and superconductors, The goal of fifth- generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
Your Text and self-organization. Your Text
Example Text : Robert Noyce, one ofExample
the inventors
Text : of the integrated circuit and founder of
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Presentation that
is beautifully times faster, has a larger memory, is thousands of times more reliable,
Presentation that
is beautifully
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consumes the power ofdesigned.
a light bulb rather than that of a locomotive,
occupies 1/30,000 the volume and costs 1/10,000 as much."
 References
Your Text
Example Text :
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https://www.computerhope.com PowerPoint
Presentation that
https://contractbook.com is beautifully
designed.
https://quizlet.com.
https://slideplayer.com
Robers, Eric S. The Art and Science of C. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company. Reading: 1995.

Your Text Your Text Your Text

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 Acknowledgment

Your Text
Special thanks
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to :

Oketa K. Presentation
C. et al
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that
is beautifully
Department of Computer designed.
Science/Informatics
Faculty of Physical Science
Alex Ekwueme Federal university Ndufu-alike Ebonyi
State
Your Text
& Your Text
Example Text : Miss N. Nembhard Example Text :
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For making this available. PowerPoint
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THANK YOU
@iam_Chijiuka