GL BAJAJ GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

IC ENGINE
Presented by: Faculty:
2305110100007 Abhishek Sharma Er. Shashi kant Singh
Class Coordinator
2205110100150 Sherpal Singh
Head Examination cell
2305110100005 Abhishek Kuntal B.Tech 1ST Year
2305110100009 Abhishek Yadav GL BAJAJ Group of
2305110100013 Ajay Rajpoot Instituitions, MATHURA
 Table of contents:
 Engine
 Types of engine
 External combustion engine
 Internal combustion engine
 Difference between ICE and ECE
 Advantages of an IC engine
 Disadvantages of an IC engine
 Classification of IC engine
 Main components of an I.C.E
 IC engine terminology
 4 Stroke Engine and Working of four stroke SI engines
 Differenced between SI and CI engine
 Two stroke Engines and Working
 Scavenging process
 Difference between 4 Strokes and 2 Strokes Engines
Engine:
 It is a device which converts one form of energy into another
form of useful energy.
 chemical Energy → fuel burning→Thermal Energy → Engine
→ Mech. Energy
 Based on combustion engines are classified into
 Internal Combustion Engine (I.C. Engine)
 External Combustion Engine (E.C. Engine)
 Internal Combustion Engine
In internal combustion engine the burning or combustion of
the fuel takes place inside the cylinder.
 Example-Automobile Engines
 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine
 External Combustion Engine

 In external combustion engine the combustion of the

fuel takes place outside the engine

Example- Steam Engine, Closed gas turbine etc.

Differences between ICE and ECE
𝑬𝑪 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑰𝑪 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆
 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆  𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏e. 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆
 𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒌𝒚 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇  𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝒂𝒖𝒙𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒔 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆
𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓.
 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖t.
 𝑰𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍𝒔  𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍𝒔. 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐n
 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂t.
 𝑳𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆r
 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄y.
 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄y
 𝑺𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐�  𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒚 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏
Advantages of an I.C. Engine
 These are the following advantages of an I.C.
 Engine 1. Mechanical Simplicity
 2. Low initial cost due to absence of boiler, turbine condenser
etc.
 3. High efficiency than external combustion engine
 4. Power to weight ratio is high
 5. Very suitable for small power requirement applications
 6. Starting time is very less
 7. Requires less maintenance
Dis-advantages of an I.C. Engine

 These are the following disadvantages of an I.C. Engine

 1. Variety of fuels that can be used is limited to very fine quality
gaseous and liquid fuel.
 2. Fuel used is very costly like gasoline or diesel.
 3. Engine emissions are generally high compared to external
combustion engine.
 4. Not suitable of large scale power generation.
 5. In case of reciprocating internal combustion noise is generated
due to detonation
 Classification of an I.C. Engine
 1. On the basis of strokes used
o  Two Stroke cycle Engines
o Four Stroke Cycle Engines
 2. On the basis of cycle used
o  Otto Cycle Engines
o  Diesel Cycle Engines
o  Dual Cycle Engines
 3. On the basis of types of fuel used
o Petrol Engines
o Diesel Engines
o Gas Engines
4. On the basis of types of Ignition Method :
 Spark Ignition (SI)
 Compression Ignition (CI)

5. On the basis of types of cooling system used:

 Air cooled engines
 Water cooled engines

6. On the basis of number of cylinders used:

 Single cylinder engines
 Multi cylinders engines
7. Classify the IC engine on the basis of l/d ratio

  Long-stroke engines :
 • These engines have a relatively long stroke compared to the bore diameter. • Have an l/d
ratio greater than 1.
 Square engines :
 • Square engines have an l/d ratio close to 1, which means the stroke length is roughly
equal to the bore diameter.
 Short-stroke engines
 • These engines have a shorter stroke compared to the bore diameter.
 • Have an l/d ratio less than 1.
 8. On the basis of types of different position of cylinder :
  Horizontal cylinder engines
  Vertical cylinder engines
  Inclined cylinder engines
Main Components of an I.C.E.
 Cylinder Block: The foundation of the engine, housing the cylinders where the
combustion process occurs.
 It is made of cast iron or aluminum.
 Cylinders: These are cylindrical chambers where the combustion of fuel and air takes
place. It is made of cast iron or aluminum.
 Pistons: Pistons are cylindrical components that move up and down inside each cylinder.
The pressure created by the combustion process forces the pistons down, converting the
pressure into mechanical motion. It is made of aluminum alloy, sometimes with steel
reinforcement.
 Crankshaft: The crankshaft is a rotating shaft connected to the pistons through connecting
rods. It converts the linear motion of the pistons into rotational motion, which is then used
to drive the wheels of the vehicle. It is made of forged steel or nodular cast iron.
 Camshaft(s): The camshaft controls the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves.
It is made of steel or cast iron .It is synchronized with the crankshaft and is responsible
for timing the engine's valve operation
 Valves: Valves are responsible for allowing the intake of air and fuel into the
combustion chamber (intake valve) and expelling the exhaust gases (exhaust valve)
after combustion. These are made of stainless steel .
 Combustion Chamber: The area inside the cylinder where the air and fuel mixture is
ignited by a spark plug (in petrol engines) or by compression (in diesel engines).
 Spark Plugs: In gasoline engines, spark plugs are used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in
the combustion chamber, creating the controlled explosion that drives the piston down.
It is made of Ceramic insulator with metal electrodes
 Intake and Exhaust Manifolds: These are pathways that direct the intake air and fuel
mixture into the cylinders and expel the exhaust gases out of the engine, respectively.
 Fuel Injection/Carburetor System: The system responsible for mixing air and fuel in the
right proportion before it enters the combustion chamber. Older engines use
carburetors, while modern ones use fuel injection systems
 IC Engine Terminology
Top-Dead-Center (TDC): It is position of the piston when it is farthest from the crank
shaft.
Bottom-Dead-Center (BDC): It is the position of the piston when it is nearest to the
crankshaft.
Stroke: When piston moves from TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC is known as stoke.
Stroke Length (L): It is the distance between TDC and BDC.
Bore (D): Inner diameter of the cylinder or diameter of the piston face
Swept Volume (VS): Volume displaced by the piston as it travels through one stroke. 𝑽𝒔
= 𝝅 𝟒 𝑫𝟐𝑳
Total swept 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑲 𝝅 𝟒 𝑫𝟐𝑳 Where K = no. of cylinders
Clearance Volume (VC): It is the volume of the cylinder when piston is at TDC, therefore
it is minimum volume.
Compression ration (r): It is defined as the ratio of volume before compression to the
volume of after compression. Volume before compression = VC + VS Volume after
compression = VC
 Four Stroke Engines

 If a Cycle of an engine is completed in FOUR strokes of the

piston or TWO revolution (720o) of the crank is known as four
stroke engine.
 Cycle consists of processes i.e. Intake, Compression, Expansion
and Exhaust.
 Four Stroke Engines may be SI or CI.
 SI engines work on Otto cycle
 CI engines work on Diesel cycle
 Working of Four Stroke SI Engines
 The working of a four-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine involves four strokes:
 1. Intake
 2. Compression (suction)
 3. Power (explosion)
 4. Exhaust.
 These strokes are repeated in a continuous cycle to produce power.
 1.Intake Stroke (Suction)
  Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC.
  Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
  Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric pressure.
  The mixture of air-fuel is sucked into the cylinder through the inlet valve.
  The timing of the intake valve is controlled by the camshaft, which is synchronized
with the engine's rotation.
 2. Compression Stroke:
 Piston moves up from BDC to TDC.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
 Temperature and pressure increased due to compression of air
fuel mixture in the cylinder.
 At the end of compression combustion starts with spark plug.
 3. Power Stroke (Expansion):
 The burning gases expand rapidly.
 Gases exert an impulse (thrust or force) on the piston.
 The piston is pushed from TDC to BDC.
 This linear motion of the piston is converted into rotary motion
of the crankshaft through connecting rod.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
4. Exhaust Stroke:
 Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed.
 The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh
charge to start a new cycle.
 After the exhaust stroke, the cycle repeats, and the engine continues to operate as long
as there is a supply of air-fuel mixture and a spark to ignite it.
Differences between SI and CI Engines
SI CI
 It works on OTTO Cycle or  It works on DIESEL Cycle or
constant volume heat addition. constant pressure heat addition.
 During the intake or suction  During the intake or suction
process, air and fuel are used. process, only air is used.
 The fuel used Petrol which is  The fuel used Diesel which is low
highly volatile. Self Ignition volatile. Self- ignition temperature
temperature is high. is low
  The fuel is supplied by Injector.
The fuel is supplied by
Carburetor  The maintenance cost is high.
 The maintenance cost is low  It is used in Heavy Vehicles.
 It is used in Small Vehicles.  The compression ratio is 16 to 22.
 The compression ratio is 6 to 10.  Starting is a little difficult
comparatively SI engine
 The starting of this engine is easy
 It produces high noise
 It produces less noise.
 High thermal efficiency because of
 Lower thermal efficiency because the high compression ratio
TWO Stroke Engines
 If a Cycle of an engine is completed in TWO strokes of the piston
or ONE revolution (360o) of the crank is known as four stroke
engine.
 Cycle consists of processes i.e. Intake, Compression, Expansion
and Exhaust.
 Two Stroke Engines may be SI or CI.
 SI engines work on Otto cycle
 CI engines work on Diesel cycle
Working of Two-Stroke SI Engines
  The working of a two-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine involves a simpler cycle compared
to a four-stroke engine.
  It completes one power cycle in just two strokes of the piston.
  These engines are commonly used in small applications like motorcycles, scooters etc.
 1.Intake and Compression:
  The piston moves from (BDC) to (TDC).
  Both transfer and exhaust ports are covered by the piston.
  Air fuel mixture which is already transferred into the cylinder is compressed by moving
piston.
 The pressure and temperature increases at the end of compression.
  As piston almost reaches the top dead center. The air fuel mixture inside the cylinder is
ignited by means of an electric spark produced by a spark plug.
  At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the piston. Fresh air fuel mixture enters the
crankcase through the inlet port
 2. Power and Exhaust:

 The burning gases expand in the cylinder. The burning gases force
the piston to move down. Thus useful work is obtained.
 When the piston moves down, the air fuel mixture in the crankcase
is partially compressed.
 This compression is known as crank case compression.
At the end of expansion, exhaust port is uncovered.
Burnt gases escape to the atmosphere. Transfer port is also opened.
Scavenging process
 Scavenging is a process of pushing exhaust gases out of the
cylinder.
 One of the critical aspects of two-stroke engine design is
scavenging, which involves replacing the exhaust gases with
fresh air-fuel mixture to optimize combustion efficiency.
 The charge (air fuel mixture or air) enters the engine cylinder
from the crank case at a pressure higher than the exhaust gases
Differences between 4 strokes and 2 strokes
engines
4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine
 Four stroke of the piston and two  Two stroke of the piston and one
revolution of crankshaft
revolution of crankshaft
 One power stroke in every two  One power stroke in each revolution
revolution of crankshaft
of crankshaft
 Power produce is less  Theoretically twice power
 Heavier flywheel due to non-uniform  Lighter flywheel due to more
turning movement
uniform turning movement
 Lesser cooling and lubrication  Greater cooling and lubrication
requirements.
requirement
 Contains valve and valve mechanism  Contains ports arrangement
 Volumetric efficiency and Thermal  Volumetric efficiency and Thermal
efficiency are high but mechanical
efficiency are low but mechanical
efficiency is low.
efficiency is high.
 Heavy and bulky
Electric Vehicles:
 ➤ An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motor
for propulsion.
 ➤ The electric motors are the replacement of ICE.
 Main components of electric vehicle are;
 ➤ Battery
 ➤Electric motor
 ➤ Battery charger
 ➤ Power electric converter
 Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained in recent popularity years due to their
potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.
Advantages and Disadvantages of electric
vehicles Advantages
 Environmental Benefits: EVs produce zero emissions, which helps reduce air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, leading to improved air quality and a healthy
environment.
 Energy Efficiency: Electric vehicles are more energy-efficient than internal
combustion engine vehicles. They convert a higher percentage of energy from the
electricity grid into usable power for driving, reducing energy waste.
 Lower Operating Costs: EVs have lower operating costs compared to traditional gas-
powered vehicles. Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline, and EVs require less
maintenance due to less moving parts.
 Reduced Noise Pollution: Electric vehicles are quieter than internal combustion
engine vehicles, reducing noise pollution in urban areas and creating a quieter driving
experience.
 Government Incentives: Many governments offer incentives and subsidies to
encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, such as tax credits, reduced registration
fees etc.
 Regenerative Braking: EVs often have regenerative braking systems, which recapture
energy during braking and store it in the battery, further improving energy efficiency.
 Disadvantages:
 Limited Driving Range: One of the primary challenges with EVs is their limited
driving range compared to conventional vehicles. Although ranges are improving, some
EVs may still not be suitable for long- distance travel without frequent charging.
 Charging Infrastructure: The availability of charging stations can be limited in some
areas, making it difficult for EV drivers to charge their vehicles conveniently,
especially in remote regions.
 Longer Refueling Time: Charging an EV takes longer than refueling a conventional
vehicle with gasoline. Even with fast-charging technology, it may still take several
minutes to an hour to charge fully, depending on the battery capacity and charging
speed.
 Initial Cost: Electric vehicles generally have a higher cost compared to traditional
gasoline-powered cars, mainly due to the cost of batteries. However, prices have been
decreasing as technology advances and production scales up.
 Battery Life and Recycling: Battery life and recycling are ongoing concerns for EVs.
While battery technology is improving, eventually, all batteries will degrade and need
replacement. Proper battery recycling and disposal are essential to minimize
environmental impacts.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
 A hybrid vehicle is a type of automobile that combines two or more power sources to
provide propulsion.
 The most common type of hybrid vehicle is the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), which
typically combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor.

Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV):

➤ In a parallel hybrid, both the internal combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the
vehicle's transmission, allowing either or both power sources to drive the wheels simultaneously.

➤ The electric motor assists the engine during acceleration and provides regenerative braking to
recharge the battery when the vehicle slows asses down.
 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV):

 In a series hybrid, the internal combustion engine does not directly drive the wheels.
 Instead, it serves as a generator to charge the battery, which then powers the electric
motor that drives the wheels.
 The engine may come into direct operation in certain situations, such as when the
battery charge is low or during high-power demands.

Batteries
Electric vehicle (EV) batteries are a critical component of electric vehicles,
providing the energy storage needed to power the electric motor and propel the
vehicle.

These batteries are typically rechargeable and store electrical energy in the form
of chemical energy allowing the vehicle to travel without the need for an internal
combustion engine.
Types of Batteries:

 1. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batteriesclasses

 2. Solid-State Batteries:
 1. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batteries:Lithium-ion batteries are the most common
type used in electric vehicles due to their high energy density, which allows
for longer driving ranges and better performance.
 They offer a good balance between energy capacity, weight, and co24 June
2024 at 8:50 pmvariations of lithium-ion chemistry, such as lithium iron
phosphate (LiFePO4) and lithium nickel
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