ME 430 Internal Combustion Engines

Engineering Fundamentals of Internal

Combustion Engines

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatih AKTAŞ

Gazi University
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 ME 430 Internal Combustion Engines

Lecture Notes for the Undergraduate Course

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatih AKTAŞ

Gazi University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2023-2024 Spring

fatihaktas@gazi.edu.tr
Office : 454

https://avesis.gazi.edu.tr/fatihaktas

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ME 430 – Internal Combustion Engines

Chapter 1
Introduction

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatih AKTAŞ

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Copyright © Gazi University, Permission required for reproduction or display.
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Early History
• Engine Classifications
• Terminology and Abbreviations
• Main Engine Components
• Basic Engine Cycles
• Engine Emissions and Air Pollution
• Summary
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INTRODUCTION

Heat engine:

A heat engine is a device that transforms

the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal
energy and uses this energy to produce
mechanical work. It is classified into two
types-

(a) Internal combustion engine

(b) External combustion engine

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INTRODUCTION

Difference Between Internal and External Combustion Engine

In an internal combustion engine, the fuel
is burned directly within the engine
cylinder, and the hot combustion gases
expand and push the piston, creating
mechanical work.

Gas turbines operate similarly, with the

key difference being that they use a
continuously rotating turbine instead of a
reciprocating piston. However, the
combustion still happens directly
within the engine, making them internal
combustion engines.

In the steam engine or a steam

turbine plant, the heat of
combustion is employed to
generate steam which is used
in a piston engine (reciprocating
type engine) or a turbine (rotary
type engine) for useful work.
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 INTRODUCTION

Difference Between Internal and External Combustion Engine

Feature Internal Combustion Engine External Combustion Engine

Combustion Location Inside the engine cylinder Outside the engine in a separate chamber

Heat used to expand a working fluid, (like steam or

Hot gases directly expand pistons, creating
Heat Transfer air), which then expands and drives a turbine or
mechanical work
piston, creating mechanical work.

Typically gasoline, diesel, or other fossil

Fuel Type Wider range of fuels, including renewable sources
fuels
Design Compact and lightweight Bulkier and heavier

Industrial power generation, Steam engines

Transportation (cars, motorcycles, airplanes,
(locomotives, early ships), Stirling engines
Applications jet engines (excluding EFGTs), lawnmowers,
(generators, solar power), some rocket engines
chainsaws.)
(not all).

High power output, compact size, higher

Advantages Cleaner emissions, wider fuel options
efficiency (35-40%)
Higher emissions, limited fuel options, Lower power output and efficiency, bulky design,
Disadvantages
complex design potential heat loss

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 INTRODUCTION

Internal Combustion Engine

In this engine, the combustion of air

and fuels take place inside the
cylinder and are used as the direct
motive force.

Most internal combustion engines are

reciprocating engines having pistons
that reciprocate back and forth in
cylinders internally within the engine.
This course concentrates on the
thermodynamic study of this type of
engine.

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 HISTORY OF ENGINES

• Huygens (1673) developed piston mechanism

• Hautefeuille (1676) first concept of internal combustion engine
• Papin (1695) first to use steam in piston mechanism
• “Modern” engines using same principles of operation as present
engines – previously no compression cycle
• Lenoir (1860) driving the piston by the expansion of burning
products - first practical engine, 0.5 hp, mech efficiency up to 5%
• Rochas (1862) four-stroke concept was proposed
• Otto – Langen (1867) produced various engines, 11% efficiency
• Otto (1876) Four-stroke engine prototype built, 8 hp
• Clark (1878) Two-stroke engine was developed
• Diesel (1892) Single cylinder, compression ignition engine

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HISTORY OF ENGINES

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

1. Types of Ignition

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(a) Spark Ignition (SI). (b) Compression Ignition (CI).
ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:
Comparison of SI and CI engine

SI Engine CI Engine

Working cycle is Otto cycle Working cycle is Diesel cycle

Petrol, gasoline or high octane fuel is used Diesel or high cetane fuel is used

Air-Fuel mixture ratio:14.7:1 Air-Fuel mixture ratio: 20:1 to 70:1

Typical compression ratio 8:1 to 12:1 Typical compression ratio 12:1 to 24:1

Fuel mixed with air while in the cylinder

Fuel mixed with air prior entering the cylinder
(High pressure fuel injection)

Spark ignition of air-fuel mixture Compression ignition of air-fuel mixture

Engine speed range 500 to 8000 Engine speed range 500 to 6000

Maximum torque at mid speed range Maximum torque at lower speed range

Load control - quantity of Air-Fuel mixture Load Control - "strength" of Air-Fuel mixture

(Using a throttle) (Amount of Fuel)

High self-ignition temperature Low self-ignition temperature

Maximum efficiency lower due to lower compression Higher maximum efficiency lower due to higher
12
ratio compression ratio
ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

2. Engine Cycle

(a) Four-Stroke Cycle. (b) Two-Stroke Cycle.

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
3. Position and Number of Cylinders

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

Other types of classifications

 According to the type of fuel used- (a) Petrol engine, (b) diesel engine, (c)
gas engine (CNG, LPG, biogas), (d) Alcohol engine (ethanol, methanol etc) and
more..

 According to the working cycle- (a) Otto cycle (constant volume cycle)
engine, (b) diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle) engine, (c) dual combustion
cycle (semi-diesel cycle) engine, (d) Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI
Engine), (e) Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI Engine)

 According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation- (a) Carburetted type
(fuel supplied through the carburettor), (b) Injection type (fuel injected into inlet
ports or inlet manifold, fuel injected into the cylinder just before ignition - Port
injection, Direct injection, GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection)).

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

Method of cooling- water cooled or air cooled

Speed of the engine- Slow speed, medium speed and high speed engine

Valve or port design and location- Overhead (I head), side valve (L head);
in two-stroke engines: cross scavenging, loop scavenging, uniflow
scavenging.

Application- Automotive engines for land transport, marine engines for

propulsion of ships, aircraft engines for aircraft propulsion, industrial engines,
prime movers for electrical generators.

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TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following terms and abbreviations are commonly used in engine technology
literature and will be used throughout this course. These should be learned to assure
maximum understanding of the following chapters.

Internal Combustion (ICE)

Spark Ignition (SI) An engine in which the combustion process in each cycle is
started by use of a spark plug.

Compression Ignition (CI) An engine in which the combustion process starts when
the air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber
caused by high compression. CI engines are often called Diesel engines, especially
in the non-technical community.

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 TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS
Top-Dead-Center (TDC)
Position of the piston when it stops at the
furthest point away from the crankshaft.
Top because this position is at the top of
most engines (not always), and dead
because the piston stops at this point.
When the piston is at TDC, the volume in
the cylinder is a minimum called the
clearance volume.

Bottom-Dead-Center (BDC)
Position of the piston when it stops at
the point closest
to the crankshaft. Some sources call
this Crank-End-Dead-Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom
of the engine. Some sources call this
point Bottom-Center (BC). When the
piston is at BDC, the volume in the
cylinder is maximum. 19
 TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS
Direct Injection (DI)
Fuel injection into the main combustion
chamber of an
engine. Engines have either one main
combustion chamber (open chamber)
or a divided combustion chamber
made up of a main chamber and a
smaller
connected secondary chamber.

Port Injection (IDI)

Fuel injection into the secondary
chamber of an engine
with a divided combustion chamber.
The most widely produced internal
combustion engines were of the Port
Fuel Injected (PFI) design, where the
fuel is sprayed into the intake ports to
mix with incoming air. 20
 TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS
Bore Diameter of the cylinder or diameter of the piston face

Stroke Movement distance of the piston from one extreme position to the other: TDC
to BDC or BDC to TDC.

Clearance Volume Minimum volume in the combustion chamber with piston at TDC.

Displacement or Displacement Volume Volume displaced by the piston as it travels

through one stroke. Displacement can be given for one cylinder or for the entire engine
(one cylinder times number of cylinders). Some literature calls this swept volume.

Air-Fuel Ratio (AF) Ratio of mass of air to mass of fuel input into engine.

Fuel-Air Ratio (FA) Ratio of mass of fuel to mass of air input into engine.

Brake Maximum Torque (BMT) Speed at which maximum torque occurs.

Overhead Valve (ORV) Valves mounted in engine head.

Overhead Cam (aRC) Camshaft mounted in engine head, giving more direct control of
valves which are also mounted in engine head. 21
MAIN ENGINE COMPONENTS

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BASIC ENGINE CYCLES

1. First Stroke: Intake Stroke or

Induction

The piston travels from TDC to BDC with

the intake valve open and exhaust valve
closed. This creates an increasing
volume in the combustion chamber,
which in turn creates a vacuum. The
resulting pressure differential through the
intake system from atmospheric
pressure on the outside to the vacuum
on the inside causes air to be pushed
into the cylinder. As the air passes
through the intake system, fuel is added
to it in the desired amount by
means of fuel injectors or a carburetor.

Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle 23

BASIC ENGINE CYCLES

2. Second Stroke: Compression

Stroke

When the piston reaches BDC, the

intake valve closes and the piston travels
back to TDC with all valves closed. This
compresses the air-fuel mixture, raising
both the pressure and temperature in the
cylinder. The finite time required to close
the intake valve means that actual
compression doesn't start until sometime
aBDC. Near the end of the compression
stroke, the spark plug is fired and
combustion is initiated.

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BASIC ENGINE CYCLES

3. Combustion

Combustion of the air-fuel mixture

occurs in a very short but
finite length of time with the piston near
TDC (i.e., nearly constant-volume
combustion). It starts near the end of the
compression stroke slightly bTDC and
lasts into the power stroke slightly aTDC.
Combustion changes the composition of
the gas mixture to that of exhaust
products and increases the temperature
in the cylinder to a very high peak value.
This, in turn, raises the pressure in the
cylinder to a very high peak value.

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BASIC ENGINE CYCLES

4. Third Stroke:

Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke With

all valves closed, the high pressure
created by the combustion process
pushes the piston away from TDC. This
is the stroke which produces the work
output of the engine cycle. As the piston
travels from TDC to BDC, cylinder
volume is increased, causing pressure
and temperature to drop.

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BASIC ENGINE CYCLES

5. Exhaust Blowdown

Late in the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened

and exhaust blow down occurs. Pressure and
temperature in the cylinder are still high relative to the
surroundings at this point, and a pressure differential is
created through the exhaust system which is open to
atmospheric pressure. This pressure differential
causes much of the hot exhaust gas to be pushed out
of the cylinder and through the exhaust system when
the piston is near BDC. This exhaust gas carries
away a high amount of enthalpy, which lowers the
cycle thermal efficiency. Opening the exhaust valve
before BDC reduces the work obtained during the
power stroke but is required because of the finite time
needed for exhaust blowdown.

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BASIC ENGINE CYCLES
6. Fourth Stroke:

Exhaust Stroke By the time the piston reaches

BDC, exhaust blowdown is complete, but the
cylinder is still full of exhaust gases at
approximately atmospheric pressure. With the
exhaust valve remaining open, the piston now
travels from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke.
This pushes most of the remaining exhaust
gases out of the cylinder into the exhaust
system at about atmospheric pressure, leaving
only that trapped in the clearance volume
when the piston reaches TDC. Near the end of
the exhaust stroke bTDC, the intake valve
starts to open, so that it is fully open by TDC
when the new intake stroke starts the next
cycle. Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to
close and finally is fully closed sometime
aTDC. This period when both the intake valve
and exhaust valve are open is called valve
overlap.
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BASIC ENGINE CYCLES Four Stroke SI and CI Engine Cycles

1. First Stroke: Intake Stroke The same as the

intake stroke in an SI engine with one major
difference: no fuel is added to the incoming air.
2. Second Stroke: Compression Stroke The same
as in an SI engine except that only air is
compressed and compression is to higher
pressures and temperature. Late in the
compression stroke fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber, where it mixes with the very
hot air. This causes the fuel to evaporate and self-
ignite, causing combustion to start.
3. Combustion Combustion is fully developed by
TDC and continues at about constant pressure until
fuel injection is complete and the piston has started
towards BDC.
4. Third Stroke: Power Stroke The power stroke
continues as combustion ends and the piston travels
towards BDC.
5. Exhaust Blowdown Same as with an SI engine.
6. Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke Same as with an
SI engine.

Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle 29

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ENGINE EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION
Four major emissions produced by internal combustion engines are hydrocarbons
(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and solid particulates.
Hydrocarbons are fuel molecules which did not get burned and smaller
nonequilibrium particles of partially burned fuel.

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 ENGINE EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION
Carbon monoxide occurs when not enough oxygen is present to fully react all carbon
to CO2 or when incomplete air-fuel mixing occurs due to the very short engine cycle
time. Oxides of nitrogen are created in an engine when high combustion temperatures
cause some normally stable N2 to dissociate into monatomic nitrogen N, which then
combines with reacting oxygen. Solid particulates are formed in compression ignition
engines and are seen as black smoke in the exhaust of these engines. Other
emissions found in the exhaust of engines include aldehydes, sulfur, lead, and
phosphorus.

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Summary

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Homework-1 Questions

1. Current uses of External Combustion Engines

2. Definition of Atkinson Cycle and usage areas
3. Definition of Miller Cycle and usage areas
4. Definition of Valve overlap, types, and usage areas

First video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6YC3I54so4&t=31s&ab_channel=
ThomasSchwenke
Second video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dAbcbAJRw8&t=142s&ab_channe
l=TheEngineersPost

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